Glossary of Key Terms by Chapter

In order as they appear in the chapter.

Chapter 1

Anthropology

Culture

Holism

Comparative analysis

Cultural relativism

Biocultural perspective

Chapter 2

Scientific method

Equifinality

Chapter 3

Genes

Nucleotide bases

Mitosis

Meiosis

Mutation

Spontaneous mutations

Induced mutations

Alleles

Locus

Breeding population

Gene pool

Recombination

Gene flow

Genetic drift

Founder effect

Bottleneck effect

Natural selection

Differential reproduction

Fitness

Sexual selection

Adaptation

Microevolution

Macroevolution

Speciation

Phylogenetic tree

Biological species concept

Paleospecies

Intraspecific

Interspecific

Speciation

Chapter 4

Phenetic system

Cladistics

Gradistic

Prosimians

Anthropoids

Evolutionary approach

Stresirrhines

Haplorrhines

Ancestral traits

Derived traits

Lemuroidea

Lorisoidea

Lorisidae

Insectivore

Gummivore

Frugivore

Nocturnal

Cathemeral

Crepuscular

Diurnal

Tarsiiformes

Anthropoidea

Sexual dimorphism

Faunivore/carnivore

Folivore

Herbivore

Omnivore

Plesiadapis

Euprimates

Adapids

Omomyids

Archicebus

Eosimias

Oligopithecids

Propliopithecids

Aegyptopithecus

Rukwapithecus fleaglei

Nsungwepithecus gunnelli

Micropithecus

Proconsul

Morotopithecus

Dryopithecus

Danuvius

Khoratpithecus

Sivapithecus

Gigantopithecus

Hylobates

Pongo

Gorilla

Pan

Homo

Chapter 5

Hominin

Bipedalism

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Foramen magnum

Halluces

Diastema

Australopithecus

Paranthropus

Australopithecus sediba

Cerebellum

Limbic system

Cerebral cortex

Orrorin

Ardipithecus

Kenyanthropus

Australopithecus anamensis

Australopithecus afarensus

Australopithecus deyiremeda

Australopithecus garhi

Australopithecus africanus

Paranthropus aethiopicus

Paranthropus boisei

Paranthropus robustus

Homo habilis

Homo rudolfensis

Homo erectus

Oldowan tool industry

Acheulean tool industry

Homo heidelbergensis

Homo naledi

Terra Amata, France

Channel Islands, France

Schöningen, Germany

Homo neanderthalensis

Sima de los Huertos, Atapuerca, Spain

Mousterian

La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France,

Amud, Israel

Tabun, Israel

Shanidar Cave, Iraq

Krapina, Croatia

El Sidrón, Spain

Moula-Guercy Cave, France

Goyet, Belgium

Cueva de los Aviones, Spain

Cueva Antón, Spain

Fumane Cave, Italy

Gorham’s Cave, Gibraltar

Kebara, Israel

Liang Bua Cave, Flores

Homo floresiensis

Insular dwarfism

Denisova Cave, Siberia

Denisovans

Homo sapiens

Jebel Irhoud, Morocco

Multiregional hypothesis

Out of Africa model

Assimilation model

Aurignacian tool industry

Gravettian tool industry

Soultran tool industry

Magdalenian tool industry

Atlatl

Châtelperronian tool industry

Sungir, Russia

Venus figurines

Lascaux Cave, France

Chauvet Cave, France

Altamira, Spain

Sulawesi, Indonesia

Grotte des Pigeons, Morocco

Chapter 6

Incest taboo

Endogamy

Exogamy

Positive assotative mating

Negative assortative mating

Balanced polymorphism

Biological plasticity

Adaptation

Functional adaptations

Stressors

Homeostasis

Melanin

Social Darwinism

Eugenics

Epigenetics

Chapter 7

Household

Family

Status

Roles

Family of orientation

Family of procreation

Nuclear family

Conjugal nuclear family

Non-conjugal nuclear family

Extended family

Stem family

Joint family

Polygamous family

Blended family

Family of choice

Kinship

Consanguineal kinship

Affinal kinship

Cognatic descent

Bilateral descent

Ambilineal descent

Kindred

Corporate descent

Patrilineal descent

Matrilineal descent

Demonstrated descent

Clan

Stipulated descent

Moiety

Phratry

Hawai’ian kinship terminology

Sudanese (bilateral collateral) kinship terminology

Iroquois (Bifurcate merging) kinship terminology

Eskimo (lineal) kinship terminology

Marriage

Arranged marriage

Parallel cousin marriage

Cross cousin marriage

Monogamy

Serial monogamy

Polygamy

Polygyny

Polyandry

Fraternal polyandry

Group marriage

Symbolic marriage

Fixed-term marriage

Levirate

Sororate

Ghost marriage

Bridewealth (bride price)

Bride service

Woman exchange

Dowry

Hypergamy

Chapter 8

Religion

Supernatural

Ritual healing theory

Animism

Cosmology

Mana

Monotheism

Polytheism

Atheistic

Anthropomorphic

Ritual

Liminal period

Rites of passage

Communitas

Leveling mechanism

Rites of Intensification

Revitalization ritual

Ghost dance

Religious specialists

Shaman

Prophets

Priest

Altered states of consciousness

Magic

Sympathetic magic

Law of contagion

Law of similarity

Cargo cults

Norms

Political organization

Nation-state

Power

Authority

Traditional authority

Rational-legal authority

Charismatic authority

Level of sociocultural integration

Bands

Carrying capacity

Egalitarian

Tribes

Big Man

Sodality

Age-grade

Chiefdoms

Ascribed status

Achieved status

Complex chiefdom

Potlatch

States

Differential access

Stratified society

Superordinate

Subordinate

Occupational specialization

Chapter 9

Foragers

Megafauna

Subsistence strategy

Food gathering

Food production

Hunter-gatherer

Third molar agenesis

Complex hunter-gatherers

Patrilocal residence pattern

Matrilocal residence pattern

Bilocal residence pattern

Broad spectrum diet

Neolithic Revolution

Gray Wolf

Younger Dryas

Domestication

Transhumance

Joint family