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1. Introduction
2. Themes and Concepts of Biology
3. The Process of Science
4. Preface
5. Introduction
6. The Building Blocks of Molecules
7. Water
8. Biological Molecules
9. Introduction
10. How Cells Are Studied
11. Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
12. Eukaryotic Cells
13. The Cell Membrane
14. Passive Transport
15. Active Transport
16. Introduction
17. Energy and Metabolism
18. Glycolysis
19. Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
20. Fermentation
21. Connections to Other Metabolic Pathways
22. Introduction
23. Overview of Photosynthesis
24. The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
25. The Calvin Cycle
26. Introduction
27. The Genome
28. The Cell Cycle
29. Cancer and the Cell Cycle
30. Prokaryotic Cell Division
31. Introduction
32. Sexual Reproduction
33. Meiosis
34. Errors in Meiosis
35. Introduction
36. Mendel’s Experiments
37. Laws of Inheritance
38. Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance
39. Introduction
40. The Structure of DNA
41. DNA Replication
42. Transcription
43. Translation
44. How Genes Are Regulated
45. Gene Editing and Regulation
46. Introduction
47. Cloning and Genetic Engineering
48. Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture
49. Genomics and Proteomics
50. Introduction
51. Discovering How Populations Change
52. Mechanisms of Evolution
53. Evidence of Evolution
54. Speciation
55. Common Misconceptions about Evolution
56. Introduction
57. Organizing Life on Earth
58. Determining Evolutionary Relationships
59. Introduction
60. Prokaryotic Diversity
61. Eukaryotic Origins
62. Protists
63. Fungi
64. Introduction
65. The Plant Kingdom
66. Seedless Plants
67. Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
68. Seed Plants: Angiosperms
69. Introduction
70. Features of the Animal Kingdom
71. Sponges and Cnidarians
72. Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods
73. Mollusks and Annelids
74. Echinoderms and Chordates
75. Vertebrates
76. Introduction
77. Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
78. Digestive System
79. Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
80. Endocrine System
81. Musculoskeletal System
82. Nervous System
83. Introduction
84. Viruses
85. Innate Immunity
86. Adaptive Immunity
87. Disruptions in the Immune System
88. Introduction
89. How Animals Reproduce
90. Development and Organogenesis
91. Human Reproduction
92. Introduction
93. Population Demographics and Dynamics
94. Population Growth and Regulation
95. The Human Population
96. Community Ecology
97. Introduction
98. Energy Flow through Ecosystems
99. Biogeochemical Cycles
100. Terrestrial Biomes
101. Aquatic and Marine Biomes
102. Introduction
103. Importance of Biodiversity
104. Threats to Biodiversity
105. Preserving Biodiversity
106. The Periodic Table of Elements
107. Geological Time
108. Measurements and the Metric System
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Concepts of Biology 2022 Copyright © 2013 by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.