"

10.6 References

Ahlin, E., & Douds, A. S. (Eds.). (2021). Taking problem-solving courts to scale: Diverse applications of the specialty court model. Lexington Books.

Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. S. (2006). The recent past and near future of risk and/or need assessment. Crime & Delinquency, 52(1), 7-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128705281756

Barry, J. V. (1956). Pioneers in Criminology XII–Alexander Maconochie (1787-1860). Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 47(2), 145-161. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol47/iss2/1/

Bouffard, J. A., & Muftic, L. R. (2006). Program completion and recidivism outcomes among adult offenders ordered to complete a community service sentence. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 43(2), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v43n02_01

Boyle, D. J., Ragusa‐Salerno, L. M., Lanterman, J. L., & Marcus, A. F. (2013). An evaluation of day reporting centers for parolees: Outcomes of a randomized trial. Criminology & Public Policy, 12(1), 119-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12010

Buehler, E. D., & Kluckow, R. (2024). Correctional populations in the United States, 2022–Statistical tables. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Programs. https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/cpus22st.pdf

Byrne, J., & Pattavina, A. (2017). Next generation assessment technology: The potential and pitfalls of integrating individual and community risk assessment. Probation Journal, 64(3), 242-255. https://doi.org/10.1177/02645505177208

Cadigan, T. P. (1991). Electronic monitoring in federal pretrial release. Federal Probation, 55(1), 26-30. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/electronic-monitoring-federal-pretrial-release

Clarke, S. H. (1994). Supplement (1994) to “Law of Sentencing, Probation, and Parole in North Carolina”: The Structured Sentencing Act and related legislation, 1993-94. School of Government, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

County of San Mateo. (n.d.). The history of probation. Retrieved March 18, 2024, from https://www.smcgov.org/probation/history-probation

Craddock, A. (2009). Day reporting center completion: Comparison of individual and multilevel models. Crime & Delinquency, 55(1), 105-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128707305743

Durose, M. R., & Antenangeli, L. (2021). Recidivism of prisoners released in 34 states in 2012: A 5-year follow-up period (2012–2017). U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Programs. https://bjs.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh236/files/media/document/rpr34s125yfup1217.pdf

Duwe, G. (2017). Rethinking prison: A strategy for evidence-based reform. American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Rethinking-Prison.pdf

Engen, R. L., Gainey, R. R., Crutchfield, R. D., & Weis, J. G. (2003). Discretion and disparity under sentencing guidelines: The role of departures and structured sentencing alternatives. Criminology, 41(1), 99-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00983.x

Finn, P., & Newlyn, A. K. (1993). Dade County diverts drug defendants to court-run rehabilitation program. Program focus: Miami’s “drug court”: A different approach. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210024791194&seq=1

Franklin, T. W., Dittmann, L., & Henry, T. K. S. (2017). Extralegal disparity in the application of intermediate sanctions: An analysis of U.S. district courts. Crime & Delinquency, 63(7), 839-874. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128715607533

Friedman, L. M. (1994). Crime and punishment in American history. Basic Books.

Goldkamp, J. S., & Weiland, D. (1993). Assessing the impact of Dade County’s felony drug court. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/145302.pdf

Gottfredson, S. D., & Moriarty, L. J. (2006). Clinical versus actuarial judgments in criminal justice decisions: Should one replace the other? Federal Probation, 70(2), 15-18. https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/70_2_3_0.pdf

GovSalaries. (n.d.). Community corrections officer salary. Retrieved June 25, 2024, from https://govsalaries.com/salaries/community-corrections-officer-salary

Horney, J., Martin, J., MacKenzie, D., Peterson, R., & Rosenbaum, D. (2000). Policies, processes, and decisions of the criminal justice system (Criminal Justice 2000, Vol. 3). U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/gdc/gdcebookspublic/20/23/69/20/02/v3/2023692002v3/2023692002v3.pdf

Hughes, T., & Wilson, D. J. (2003). Reentry trends in the United States: Inmates returning to the community after serving time in prison. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Hughes, T., Wilson, D. J., & Beck, A. J. (2001). Trends in state parole, 1990-2000. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Hurwitz, J. N. (1986). House arrest: A critical analysis of an intermediate-level penal sanction. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 135, 771-811. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol135/iss3/5/

Hyatt, J. M., & Barnes, G. C. (2017). An experimental evaluation of the impact of intensive supervision on the recidivism of high-risk probationers. Crime & Delinquency, 63(1), 3-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128714555757

Jolin, A., & Stipak, B. (1992). Drug treatment and electronically monitored home confinement: An evaluation of a community-based sentencing option. Crime & Delinquency, 38(2), 158-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128792038002002

Kaeble, D. (2023). Probation and parole in the United States, 2021. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://bjs.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh236/files/media/document/ppus21.pdf

Lindner, C. (2006). John Augustus, father of probation, and the anonymous letter. Federal Probation, 70(1), 77-78, 86. https://www.uscourts.gov/federal-probation-journal/2006/06/john-augustus-father-probation-and-anonymous-letter

MacKenzie, D. L., & Rosay, A. B. (1996). Correctional boot camps for juveniles. In Juvenile and adult boot camps (pp. 93-118). American Correctional Association.

Marciniak, L. M. (2000). The addition of day reporting to intensive supervision probation: A comparison of recidivism rates. Federal Probation, 64(1), 34-39. https://www.uscourts.gov/federal-probation-journal/2000/06/addition-day-reporting-intensive-supervision-probation-comparison

Martin, K. D., Sykes, B. L., Shannon, S., Edwards, F., & Harris, A. (2018). Monetary sanctions: Legal financial obligations in US systems of justice. Annual Review of Criminology, 1, 471-495. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-091915

McDonald, D. C. (1986). Punishment without walls: Community service sentences in New York City. Rutgers University Press.

Nastasi, V. (2023, January 31). Local governments collect $9 billion in fines and fees in 2020. Reason Foundation. https://reason.org/data-visualization/local-governments-collected-9-billion-in-fines-and-fees-in-2020/

Nelson, C. (2016). The constitutionality of civil forfeiture. Yale Law Journal, 125(8), 2182-2555. https://www.yalelawjournal.org/feature/the-constitutionality-of-civil-forfeiture

O’Hear, M. M. (2009). Rethinking drug courts: Restorative justice as a response to racial injustice. Stanford Law & Policy Review, 20(2), 463-499. https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ohear.pdf

Padgett, K. G., Bales, W. D., & Blomberg, T. G. (2006). Under surveillance: An empirical test of the effectiveness and consequences of electronic monitoring. Criminology & Public Policy, 5(1), 61-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2006.00102.x

Panzarella, R. (2002). Theory and practice of probation on bail in the report of John Augustus. Federal Probation, 66(3), 38-42. https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/66_3_6_0.pdf

Petersilia, J. (1997). Probation in the United States: Practices and challenges. National Institute of Justice Journal, 233, 2-8. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles/jr000233.pdf

Renzema, M., & Mayo-Wilson, E. (2005). Can electronic monitoring reduce crime for moderate to high-risk offenders? Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1(2), 215-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-005-1615-1

Tonry, M. (1995). Intermediate sanctions in sentencing reform. University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, 2(2), 391-411. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/roundtable/vol2/iss2/3/

Tonry, M., & Lynch, M. (1996). Intermediate sanctions. Crime and Justice, 20, 99-144. https://doi.org/10.1086/449242

Washington State Department of Corrections. (n.d.). Community corrections officer (CCO). Retrieved June 25, 2024, from https://www.doc.wa.gov/about/jobs/careers-cco.htm

Washington State Institute for Public Policy. (2023, December). Electronic monitoring (probation). https://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost/Program/437

Witmer, H. L. (1927). The history, theory and results of parole. Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, 18(1), 24-64. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol18/iss1/4/

License

Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Introduction to Criminal Justice Copyright © by Wesley B. Maier, PhD; Kadence C. Maier; William M. "Bill" Overby, MCJ; and Terry D. Edwards is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.