6.6 Chapter Conclusion
Summary
In conclusion, the exploration of early American law enforcement unveils a dynamic evolution shaped by the needs, challenges, and societal transformations of the time. From the informal systems of community watch and constables in the early American colonies to the formalized law enforcement agencies influenced by English common law in the 19th century, the trajectory of American policing is marked by adaptability and response to societal shifts.
The three distinct policing eras in the 19th and 20th centuries signify pivotal transitions in law enforcement strategy. The mid to late nineteenth century witnessed the emergence of the first formally organized American law enforcement agencies, marking the political policing era. Despite this milestone, law enforcement officers were tightly regulated by political leaders and partisan politics, rendering them as extensions of the prevailing political ideology typically plagued by bias, corruption, and ineffectiveness in combating crime. These shortcomings became the impetus for police reform, ushering in a new policing era. Defined by substantial transformations in policing dynamics, characterized by improved hiring practices, officer training, incorporation of technological innovations, and the use of scientific methods for investigation, the professional era underwent major changes that inadvertently created a divide between law enforcement and local communities.
The social upheaval of the 1960s acted as a catalyst, propelling a shift in law enforcement strategy and instigating the transition into the community era. While this period brought about notable improvements, including the integration of new technology and a focus on community engagement and collaborative problem-solving, this era encountered numerous obstacles, hampering the overall success of this approach.
As we reflect on this historical journey, it becomes evident that American law enforcement has been a complex interplay of tradition, adaptation, and response to the ever-evolving needs of society. The challenges and successes of early American law enforcement provide valuable lessons for contemporary discussions on policing, emphasizing the importance of a flexible, community-oriented, and inclusive approach to meet the diverse and dynamic needs of a changing society.
Review Questions
- Describe the three policing eras in America. How did the roles and expectations placed on police officers during each era vary?
- Analyze the precise transformations in law enforcement strategies arising from the incorporation of technological innovations during the early 20th century.
- ________ ___________ is often described as the father of modern day policing?
- Examine the impact of Prohibition on local law enforcement agencies and explore how it led to strain across the criminal justice system (e.g. law enforcement, courts, and corrections).
- Bias and corruption were key factors propelling shifts in law enforcement strategy, serving as catalysts for the emergence of the __________ policing era.
- How did August Vollmer influence policing during the early and mid-20th century?
- Analyze the public perceptions of law enforcement during the 1960s. Explore the impact on law enforcement relations with minority communities in the past, and the enduring relevance of these dynamics as an issue in contemporary society, considering the Media’s past and present influence on cultural perceptions of police and community relations.
- Examine in detail the many adverse effects of the War on Drugs on minority communities. How do the outcomes of these policies continue to negatively affect these communities in the present-day?
- Explore the significance of early inclusive hiring practices in police agencies and advantages of diversity within law enforcement. Investigate the many ways that systemic discrimination, such as sexism and racism, remain as obstacles in modern society.
- Discuss the limitations of the community policing approach during the community policing era and how this reduced the effectiveness of this policing approach.
An inclination or temperament or outlook towards a particular perspective, idea, or outcome, often influencing decision-making and judgement, which leads to a disproportionate weight in favor against an idea, thing, or group in a manner that is unfair or prejudiced.
Dishonest or unethical behavior by individuals within the criminal justice system, including law enforcement officers, judges, and other officials, often involving bribery, abuse of power, or favoritism for personal gain.
