7.8 References
Amendola, K.L. (2020, December 21). Developing evidence in de-escalation of potential use of force encounters. National Policing Institute. Retrieved November 27, 2023, from https://www.policinginstitute.org/onpolicing/developing-evidence-in-de-escalation-of-potential-use-of-force-encounters/
American Polygraph Association. (2023, July 12). Frequently asked question [Fact sheet]. https://www.polygraph.org/docs/APA_FAQ_Sheet-12JUL23.pdf
Baker, M. (1985). Cops: Their lives in their own words. Simon & Schuster.
Boivin, R., Faubert, C., Gendron, A., & Poulin, B. (2020). The ‘us vs them’ mentality: A comparison of police cadets at different stages of their training. Police Practice & Research: An International Journal, 21(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2018.1555480
Bricker, T. E. (2024, February 23). Rampart scandal. Britannica. Retrieved May 21, 2024, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rampart-scandal
Bureau of Justice Assistance, & Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. (2023). Recruitment and retention for the modern law enforcement agency. U.S. Department of Justice. https://bja.ojp.gov/doc/recruitment-retention-modern-le-agency.pdf
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2024, April 3). Occupational employment and wages, May 2023: 33-3051 police and sheriff’s patrol officers. Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved April 30, 2024, from https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes333051.htm#(2)
Cabahug, J. R. (2024, February 29). Seattle may spend $1.8M on controversial gunshot detection program. Cascade PBS. https://crosscut.com/news/2024/02/seattle-may-spend-18m-controversial-gunshot-detection-program
Caldero, M. A., Dailey, J., & Withrow, B. (2018). Police ethics: The corruption of noble cause (4th ed.). Routledge.
Cherry, K. (2023, September 26). How the Müller-Lyer Illusions works. VeryWell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/how-the-muller-lyer-illusion-works-4111110
Clary, K. (2020). Recruiting and retaining women police officers—The message your organization sends matters. National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/recruiting-and-retaining-women-police-officers-message-your-organization-sends
Commission to Investigate Alleged Police Corruption. (1973). The Knapp Commission report on police corruption. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/knapp-commission-report-police-corruption
De Houwer, J. (2019, October 13). What is implicit bias? Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/spontaneous-thoughts/201910/what-is-implicit-bias
Delehanty, C., Mewhirter, J., Welch, R., & Wilks, J. (2017). Militarization and police violence: The case of the 1033 program. Research & Politics, (4)2, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168017712885 CC BY NC.
Erickson, S. G. (2023). Addressing the challenges of recruiting and retention in law enforcement. America First Policy Institute. https://americafirstpolicy.com/assets/uploads/files/Recruiting_and_Retention_.pdf
Fontenot, S. (2020, December 4). Study outlines what creates racial bias in facial recognition technology. University of Texas at Dallas News Center. https://news.utdallas.edu/science-technology/racial-bias-facial-recognition-2020/
Fritsvold, E. (n.d.). 17 types of innovative policy technology. University of San Diego Online. Retrieved May 25, 2024, from https://onlinedegrees.sandiego.edu/10-innovative-police-technologies/
Gilmartin, K. M. (1998, January). Law enforcement ethics… The continuum of compromise. Police Chief Magazine. https://www.emotionalsurvival.com/law_enforcement_ethics.htm
Hemenway, D., Azrael, D., Conner, A., & Miller, M. (2019). Variation in rates of fatal police shootings across US states: The role of firearm availability. Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 96(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0313-z
Hunt, M., & Robertson, S. (2024, April 17). Tacoma police to implement gunshot detection technology as part of pilot program. King5.com. https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/public-safety/tacoma-police-to-implement-gunshot-detection-technology-trial-basis/281-9ba7a80b-0de1-46b1-97a5-070610c773cd
Hussey, J. F. (2020). A study of police officers with military service backgrounds compared to police officers without military service: Can military veterans interact and properly engage the public? [Doctoral dissertation, City University of New York]. CUNY Academic Works. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5017&context=gc_etds
International Association of Chiefs of Police. (2004). The impact of video evidence on modern policing: Research and best practices. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice. https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh186/files/bwc/pdfs/iacpin-carcamerareport.pdf
International Association of Chiefs of Police. (2016). Officer-involved shootings investigative protocols: A guide for law enforcement leaders. Community-Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved April 30, 2024, from https://drulibrary.uoregon.edu/sites/drulibrary2.uoregon.edu/files/rpds/entry/file_for_download/Officer_Involved_Shooting_Guide_for_Leaders.pdf
International Association of Chiefs of Police. (2019). The state of recruitment: A crisis for law enforcement. https://www.theiacp.org/sites/default/files/239416_IACP_RecruitmentBR_HR_0.pdf
James, L. (2024, March 27). After the webinar: How to manage officer fatigue and improve sleep. Q&A with Dr. Lois James. Justice Clearinghouse. Retrieved April 30, 2024, from https://www.justiceclearinghouse.com/resource/after-the-webinar-how-to-manage-officer-fatigue-and-improve-sleep-qa-with-dr-lois-james/
Kendi, I. X. (2019). How to be an anti-racist. One World Publishing.
Kolodziej, C. (2019, November 27). The importance of trans-sensitive police policies and practices. Policing Project, NYU School of Law. Retrieved April 30, 2024, from https://www.policingproject.org/news-main/2019/11/27/the-importance-of-trans-sensitive-police-policies
Marshall, R. E., Milligan-Saville, J. S., Steel, Z., Bryant, R. A., Mitchell, P. B., & Harvey, S. B. (2020). A prospective study of pre-employment psychological testing amongst police recruits. Occupational Medicine, 70(3), 162-168. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa008
Memmott, M. (2013, June 3). Supreme Court upholds warrantless collection of DNA. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/06/03/188291914/supreme-court-upholds-warrantless-collection-of-dna
Morey, T. (2019). Police misconduct, accountability, and corruption. In SOU-CCJ230 introduction to the American criminal justice system (6.7 section). Open Oregon Educational Resources. https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/ccj230/chapter/5-7-police-misconduct-and-accountability/ CC BY SA.
National Officer Safety Initiatives. (2020). Preventing suicide among law enforcement officers: An issue brief. National Consortium on Preventing Law Enforcement Suicide, Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice. https://bja.ojp.gov/library/publications/preventing-suicide-among-law-enforcement-officers-issue-brief
National Testing Network. (n.d.). WAPAT at NTN: Washington State Physical Abilities Test for law enforcement and corrections. Retrieved May 21, 2024, from https://nationaltestingnetwork.com/publicsafetyjobs/ntn-test-wapat.cfm
Nerbovig, A. (2024, March 15). Seattle floats subsidized housing for cops in the face of a homelessness crisis, a huge budget deficit, and a million other actual problems. The Stranger. https://www.thestranger.com/news/2024/03/15/79429330/seattle-floats-subsidized-housing-for-cops-in-the-face-of-a-homelessness-crisis-a-huge-budget-deficit-and-a-million-other-actual-problems
Norris, D. (2017, Spring). Militarized or modernized? FOP Journal. https://www.fopconnect.com/article/militarized-or-modernized/
Police Executive Research Forum. (2020). Drones: A report on the use of drones by public safety agencies—and a wake-up call about the threat of malicious drone attacks. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice. https://portal.cops.usdoj.gov/resourcecenter/RIC/Publications/cops-w0894-pub.pdf
Police Executive Research Forum. (2021, June 11). Survey on police workforce trends. PERF Special Report, Critical Issues in Policing Series. https://www.policeforum.org/workforcesurveyjune2021
Police Executive Research Forum. (2022). Transforming police recruit training: 40 guiding principles. Critical Issues in Policing Series. https://www.policeforum.org/assets/TransformingRecruitTraining.pdf
Police Executive Research Forum. (2023). Responding to the staffing crisis: Innovations in recruitment and retention. Critical Issues in Policing Series. https://www.policeforum.org/assets/RecruitmentRetention.pdf
Police Executive Research Forum. (2024, February 3). Policing and artificial intelligence—Promise and peril. https://www.policeforum.org/trending3feb24
Rahr, S., & Rice, S. K. (2015, April). From warriors to guardians: Recommitting American police culture to democratic ideals. New Perspectives in Policing. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/248654.pdf
Roebuck, S. (2023, May 26). High housing costs force Calif. officers with long commutes to sleep in barracks. Police1. https://www.police1.com/police-recruiting/articles/high-housing-costs-force-calif-officers-with-long-commutes-to-sleep-in-barracks-5mWzOKMP8tIdkVF8/
Romero, S. (2023, May 24). City advances sustainability with incentive program for KPD. City of Kirkland, Washington. https://www.kirklandwa.gov/Whats-Happening/News/City-Advances-Sustainability-with-Incentive-Program-for-Kirkland-Police
Starheim, R. P. (2019). Women in policing: Breaking barriers and blazing a path. National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/252963.pdf
Strom, K. (2017). Research on the impact of technology on policing strategy in the 21st century, final report. National Criminal Justice Reference Service, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/251140.pdf
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2018). First responders: Behavioral health concerns, emergency response, and trauma. Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin. https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/dtac/supplementalresearchbulletin-firstresponders-may2018.pdf
Sunstein, C. R., & Jolls, C. (2006). The law of implicit bias (John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics Working Paper No. 289). The Law School, University of Chicago. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234140531.pdf
U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2023, September 5). Facial recognition services: Federal law enforcement agencies should take actions to implement training, and policies for civil liberties (GAO-23-105607). https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-105607
Washington State Criminal Justice Training Commission. (2024, March 20). Certification information. Retrieved April 30, 2024, from https://www.cjtc.wa.gov/certification/certification-information#Complaintsandinvestigations
Weisburd, D., & Braga, A. A. (Eds.). (2019). Police innovation (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
