8.7 References
Adelman, L. (2013). The adverse impact of truth in sentencing on Wisconsin’s efforts to deal with low level drug offenders. Valparaiso University Law Review, 47(3), 689-707. https://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr/vol47/iss3/1/
Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. (n.d.). About the Supreme Court. United States Courts. Retrieved April 27, 2024, from https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/about
Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. (2021). Federal judicial caseload statistics 2021. United States Courts. Retrieved April 27, 2024, from https://www.uscourts.gov/statistics-reports/federal-judicial-caseload-statistics-2021
Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. (2023, June 30). Federal court management statistics, June 2023. United States Courts. Retrieved April 27, 2024, from https://www.uscourts.gov/statistics-reports/federal-court-management-statistics-june-2023
Associated Press. (2023, May 31). Actor Danny Masterson is found guilty of 2 out of 3 counts of rape in retrial. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2023/05/31/1179285514/danny-masterson-rape-retrial
Babcock, B. A. (1983). Defending the guilty. Cleveland State Law Review, 32(2), 175-187. https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2052&context=clevstlrev
Bibas, S. (2006). Transparency and participation in criminal procedure. New York University Law Review, 81(3), 911-966. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/81
Bjerk, D. (2005). Making the crime fit the penalty: The role of prosecutorial discretion under mandatory minimum sentencing. The Journal of Law and Economics, 48(2), 591-625. https://doi.org/10.1086/429980
Black, K. A., & McCloskey, K. A. (2013). Predicting date rape perceptions: The effects of gender, gender role attitudes, and victim resistance. Violence Against Women, 19(8), 949-967. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801213499244
Bourne, H. E., & Benton, E. J. (1913). A history of the United States. Heath & Company. https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds02bour/mode/2up
Brown, B., & Jolivette, G. (2005, October). A primer: Three strikes–the impact after more than a decade. Legislative Analyst’s Office, California State Legislature. https://www.lao.ca.gov/2005/3_strikes/3_strikes_102005.htm
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2024a, April 17). Correctional officers and bailiffs. Occupational Outlook Handbook, U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved April 27, 2024, from https://www.bls.gov/ooh/protective-service/correctional-officers.htm
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2024b, April 17). Court reporters and simultaneous captioners. Occupational Outlook Handbook, U.S. Department of Labor. Accessed April 27, 2024, from https://www.bls.gov/ooh/legal/court-reporters.htm
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2024c, April 22). Paralegals and legal assistants. Occupational Outlook Handbook, U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved April 27, 2024, from https://www.bls.gov/ooh/legal/paralegals-and-legal-assistants.htm
Bushway, S. D., Redlich, A. D., & Norris, R. J. (2014). An explicit test of plea bargaining in the “shadow of the trial.” Criminology, 52(4), 723-754. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12054
Chaiken, M. R., & Chaiken, J. M. (1984). Offender types and public policy. Crime & Delinquency, 30(2), 195-226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128784030002003
Chambliss, W. J. (2000). Power, politics, & crime. Routledge.
Cohen, T. H. (2014). Who is better at defending criminals? Does type of defense attorney matter in terms of producing favorable case outcomes. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 25(1), 29-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403412461149
Criminal Justice Standards Committee. (2017). Prosecution function. In Criminal justice standards (4th ed.). American Bar Association. https://www.americanbar.org/groups/criminal_justice/standards/ProsecutionFunctionFourthEdition/
Demuth, S. (2006). Racial and ethnic differences in pretrial release decisions and outcomes: A comparison of Hispanic, Black, and White felony arrestees. Criminology, 41(3), 873-908. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb01007.x
Institute for the Advancement of the American Legal System. (2014, June 12). FAQs: Judges in the United States. Quality Judges Initiative, University of Denver. https://iaals.du.edu/publications/faqs-judges-united-states
Fortino, M. (2021, October 15). Study shows public defenders outperform court appointed private attorneys. Criminal Legal News, 44. https://www.criminallegalnews.org/news/2021/oct/15/study-shows-public-defenders-outperform-court-appointed-private-attorneys/
Frase, R. S. (2019). Forty years of American sentencing guidelines: What have we learned? Crime and Justice, 48(1), 79-135. https://doi.org/10.1086/701503
Friedman, L. M. (2005). A history of American law (3rd ed.). Touchstone Books.
Gabbidon, S. L., Kowal, L. K., Jordan, K. L., Roberts, J. L., & Vincenzi, N. (2008). Race-based peremptory challenges: An empirical analysis of litigation from the U.S. Court of Appeals, 2002–2006. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 33(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-007-9027-6
George, T. E., & Yoon, A. H. (2017). Measuring justice in state courts: The demographics of the state judiciary. Vanderbilt Law Review, 70(6), 1887-1910. https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr/vol70/iss6/10/
Gertner, N. (2010). A short history of American sentencing: Too little law, too much law, or just right. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 100(3), 691-708. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol100/iss3/4/
Geyh, C. G. (2008). Methods of judicial selection and their impact on judicial independence. Daedalus, 137(4), 86-101. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/54
Gibson, S., Harris, B., Waters, N., Genthon, K., Hamilton, M., Bailey Stevens, E., Moffett, M., & Robinson, D. (Eds.). (2023, October 9). CSP STAT overview. Court Statistics Project, National Center for State Courts. Retrieved December 6, 2023, from https://www.courtstatistics.org/court-statistics/interactive-caseload-data-displays/csp-stat-nav-cards-first-row/csp-stat-overview
Gillman, H. (2001). The votes that counted: How the court decided the 2000 presidential election. University of Chicago Press.
Gordon, S. C., & Huber, G. (2007). The effect of electoral competitiveness on incumbent behavior. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 2(2), 107-138. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1335455
Hammer, T. J. (2002). The long and arduous journey to truth-in-sentencing in Wisconsin. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 15(1), 15-18. https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/facpub/136
Hemmens, C., Brody, D. C., & Spohn, C. C. (2010). Criminal courts: A contemporary perspective. SAGE.
Hessick, C. B., & Morse, M. (2020). Picking prosecutors. Iowa Law Review, 105(4), 1537-1590. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3551506
Husak, D. (2008). Overcriminalization: The limits of the criminal law. Oxford University Press.
Illinois Courts. (n.d.). How cases proceed through the courts. State of Illinois. https://www.illinoiscourts.gov/public/how-cases-proceed-through-the-courts/
Jamieson, K. H., & Hardy, B. W. (2008). Will ignorance & partisan election of judges undermine public trust? Daedalus, 137(4), 11-15. https://www.amacad.org/publication/partisan-election-judges-undermine-public-trust
Jefferson, Thomas. (1789, July 11). [Letter to Thomas Paine]. National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-15-02-0259
Karch, A., & Cravens, M. (2014). Rapid diffusion and policy reform: The adoption and modification of three strikes laws. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 14(4), 461-491. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24710977
Kieso, D. W. (2005). Unjust sentencing and the California Three Strikes law. LFB Scholarly Publishing.
McCoy, C. (2005). Plea bargaining as coercion: The trial penalty and plea bargaining reform. Criminal Law Quarterly, 50, 67-107. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/clwqrty50&div=9&id=&page=
Missouri Courts. (n.d.). The bicentennial of the Missouri judiciary. https://www.courts.mo.gov/page.jsp?id=174544
Mullen, R., Arbiter, N., Plepler, C. R., & Bond, D. J. (2019). In-prison therapeutic communities in California. Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities, 40(3/4), 142-158. https://doi.org/10.1108/TC-06-2019-0007
Neubauer, D. W., & Fradella, H. F. (2018). America’s courts and the criminal justice system (13th ed.). Cengage Learning.
New Hampshire Judicial Branch (n.d.). How judges are selected. State of New Hampshire. Retrieved December 28, 2023, from https://www.courts.nh.gov/students/guide-new-hampshire-courts/how-judges-are-selected
New York State Unified Court System. (n.d.). 8th judicial district: Court structure. Retrieved June 1, 2024, from https://ww2.nycourts.gov/courts/8jd/structure.shtml
Pisciotta, A. W. (1994). Benevolent repression: Social control and the American reformatory-prison movement. NYU Press.
Roman, D. (2011). Under the Rape Shield: A historical and comparative perspective on the Rape Shield Laws. Working Papers in Feminist Research, UCLA Center for the Study of Women. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0w62h4dp
Sasani, A. (2023, December 12). Kate Cox case: What led to the Texan fleeing the state for an abortion? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/12/kate-cox-texas-abortion-case-explained
Sobel, R. S., & Hall, J. C. (2007). The effect of judicial selection process on judicial quality: The role of partisan politics. Cato Journal, 27(1), 69-82. https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2007/1/cj27n1-6.pdf
Spohn, C. (1990). The sentencing decisions of Black and White judges: Expected and unexpected similarities. Law & Society Review, 24(5), 1197-1216. https://doi.org/10.2307/3053666
Spohn, C. (2014). Twentieth-century sentencing reform movement: Looking backward, moving forward. Criminology & Public Policy, 13(4), 535-545. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12095
Spohn, C. (2015). Evolution of sentencing research. Criminology & Public Policy, 14(2), 225-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12125
Texas Judicial Branch. (2023, October). Court structure of Texas. https://www.txcourts.gov/media/1457606/court-structure-chart-october-2023.pdf
Tonry, M. (1995). Malign neglect: Race, crime, and punishment in America. Oxford University Press.
Tonry, M. (1998). Sentencing matters. Oxford University Press.
Tonry, M. (2013). Sentencing in America, 1975–2025. Crime and Justice, 42(1), 141-198. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/671134
Washington State Administrative Office of the Courts. (2011). A guide to Washington state courts (12th ed.). Washington Courts. https://www.courts.wa.gov/newsinfo/content/pdf/CourtGuide2011.pdf
Wilson, J. (2013). Thinking about crime (Rev. ed.). Basic Books.
Wolfgang, M. E., Figlio, R. M., & Sellin, T. (1972). Delinquency in a birth cohort. University of Chicago Press.
Wright, J. D., & Rossi, P. H. (1985). The armed criminal in America: A survey of incarcerated felons. U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GOVPUB-J28-PURL-gpo81476