Chapter 10: Hospitality Applications

Overview

The hospitality industry is diverse, encompassing a wide range of businesses and services. In this chapter, we will explore specialty areas within the industry that are not covered elsewhere in the textbook. These specialty areas include retail, wellness and spa, clubs, casino and gaming, vacation rentals, timeshare, HOA, senior living centers, water parks, ski resorts, and golf courses. We will discuss the unique challenges and opportunities associated with these areas and examine the various careers available in each. By the end of this chapter, students will have a better understanding of the breadth of the hospitality and tourism industry and be better equipped to pursue careers in these exciting and dynamic fields.

 

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 Career Opportunities Abound

Hospitality and tourism are umbrella terms for a wide range of commercial activities. For example, the hospitality industry consists of individuals who provide customer service, supervise those who provide customer service, or manage facilities in sectors such as lodging, food service such as restaurants, planes, cruise ships, or city or country clubs . The tourism industry “support[s] a traveler’s need for transportation, food, lodging, [[ amusement , and entertainment” (Zabel, p. 168), while also overlapping with recreation. It involves tour operators, rental cars, hotels, bars, gasoline stations, theme parks, attractions, and more. Given the size of these industries, it is natural that the skill sets are transferable.

Although the terms hospitality and tourism are often used interchangeably, they are not quite synonymous. The tourism industry serves travelers, people away from home. In contrast, the hospitality industry also includes businesses (such as restaurants) that serve people in their local town. (Zabel, p. 168).

There are numerous career opportunities in the hospitality and tourism sectors outside the mainstream ideas of lodging and restaurants. This chapter delves into examples of where career paths can be forged.

10.2 Wellness And Spa

10.2.1 Wellness and Spa as an Industry

Whether within or outside of tourism, wellness services are often aligned with hospitality due to the focus on a customer’s well-being. Wellness is an umbrella term for the environment and the programs that support a lifestyle. The lifestyle could be aging or activity or health. Wellness facilities can include salons and spas , health and fitness centers, sports facilities, game courts, yoga studios, aquatic centers , or outdoor spaces such as parks and walking trails.

Wellness can be understood as a seven-dimension model (Stoewen, 2017):

1. Physical wellness is about doing what you can to help strengthen and care for your body. There are 8 primary topics within physical wellness research: alcohol, flu/cold prevention, illness prevention, nutrition, physical activity and body movement, sexual health, sleep, and stress management (Joppe, 2010).
2. Intellectual wellness means striving toward good mental health, continued intellectual growth, and creativity in life. This can include continued learning, practicing problem solving, improving verbal skills, keeping abreast of social and political issues, and reading books, magazines, and newspapers.
3. Social wellness refers to the relationships we have and how we interact with others. Our relationships can offer support during difficult times. Social wellness involves building healthy, nurturing, and supportive relationships as well as fostering a genuine connection with those around you.
4. Vocational wellness is the ability to achieve personal satisfaction and fulfillment from our work, maintain balance in our lives and make a positive impact within the organizations where we work and the communities where we live. Vocational wellness is subjective – it’s based on your feelings or opinions.
5. Spiritual wellness is defined as expanding a sense of purpose and meaning in life, including one’s morals and ethics. It may or may not involve religious activities.
6. Emotional wellness is the ability to successfully handle life’s stresses and adapt to change and difficult times.
7. Environmental wellness is having good health by occupying pleasant, stimulating environments that support well-being. It promotes interaction with nature and also creates an enjoyable personal environment (both in and out of your workspace).

The wellness and spa industry is a natural fit for hospitality professionals. The skills professionals learn assist them in creating relaxing and memorable experiences. Career opportunities range from spa management and operations to roles focusing on customer wellness journeys and service excellence.

Resorts, cruise ships, hotel spas, and other hospitality establishments have been offering spa services such as massages, facials, nail services, and more for centuries. This includes some of the oldest lodging establishments globally as well as in the U.S. (e.g., Mount Rainier National Park in Washington State, Hot Springs National Park in Arkansas). However, a relatively new segment of tourism, wellness tourism, is emerging as people are increasingly looking to enhance their wellbeing through physical activity, meditation, and other health and fitness pursuits.

The Wellness Tourism Association (WTA) offers “anyone connected to, or interested in, any aspect of wellness tourism the opportunity to become a member and help shape the industry’s future” (n.d., para. 3) through membership and attendance at the annual convention. They define wellness tourism as “travel that allows the traveler to maintain, enhance or kick-start a healthy lifestyle, and support or increase one’s sense of wellbeing” (para. 23).

The intertwining of health, wellness, and spas with the hospitality and tourism industries traces back to the early twentieth century in the Pacific Northwest, marking a significant chapter in the region’s history. Washington State in particular, known for its natural beauty and diverse landscapes, has been a pivotal player in this evolution. A prime example is Soap Lake, renowned for its mineral-rich waters. Soap Lake is believed to possess healing properties. This lake became a magnet for health-seekers, leading to the development of resorts and spas that catered to those seeking therapeutic experiences. The early 1900s saw a boom in such establishments, which not only offered health benefits but also became social and recreational hubs, thereby intertwining wellness with tourism.

This trend has only grown stronger in recent years. According to a report by the Global Wellness Institute (2018), the wellness tourism sector is projected to continue growing at an annual rate of 7.5%, outpacing the overall tourism industry. This trend is evident in the increasing number of wellness-focused resorts, retreats, and spa facilities. The growth of ecotourism and the public’s rising interest in holistic health practices have further fueled this sector.

The trend of integrating local cultural elements and nature-based therapies in spa and wellness centers is a reflection of a growing commitment to sustainable and immersive wellness experiences, particularly among younger generations. This approach may align with the values and preferences of millennials and Generation Z, who are known for desiring authenticity, sustainability, and holistic well-being when making purchasing decisions.

According to a study by the Global Wellness Institute (2024), the wellness tourism market reached $1.8 trillion in 2022 in the U.S. alone, driven in part by the demand for experiences that connect travelers with local cultures and natural environments. A report by Resonance Consultancy found that a vast majority of millennials considered experiencing local culture and cuisine as a crucial factor when choosing a travel destination, and were willing to go into debt to have a cultural travel experience in lieu of one that was not (as cited in Graft, 2022).

This trend is particularly pronounced in the spa and wellness sector, where many resorts and retreats are embracing traditional healing practices and incorporating locally sourced natural ingredients into their treatments. For example, the Anantara Spa in Thailand offers ancient Siamese massage techniques, while the Tierra Patagonia Hotel & Spa in Chile incorporates indigenous Mapuche rituals and locally harvested herbs and minerals into its treatments (Anantara Hotels, Resorts & Spas, n.d.; Tierra Patagonia Hotel & Spa, n.d.). By providing immersive and culturally authentic experiences, these establishments not only cater to the desires of conscious travelers but also contribute to the preservation of local heritage and the promotion of sustainable tourism practices.

Overlapping with spa and wellness are yoga and Pilates , with their emphasis on mental and physical well-being. They align seamlessly with the spa and wellness industry, contributing significantly to its growth. These practices complement the holistic approach of wellness spas in marketing and practice. Wellness-focused offerings like yoga and Pilates have seen a sharp increase in demand according to the International Spa Association (2024). In fact, the global wellness industry is valued at over $4.5 trillion. The annual Global Wellness Summit Report (2023) highlights that mind-body exercise, including yoga and Pilates, is among the top trends. Research shows this is because they resonate with the modern consumer’s pursuit of mental clarity and physical health This synergy has led to a proliferation of wellness retreats and spas incorporating these practices into their services, with a noticeable rise in specialized yoga and Pilates retreats. The integration of these disciplines has not only diversified the spa and wellness industry but also expanded its appeal, attracting a broader demographic seeking comprehensive wellness solutions. This trend is indicative of a growing recognition of holistic health, positioning yoga and Pilates as central elements in the evolving narrative of the spa and wellness industry.

As we look to the future, the wellness and spa sector is poised for significant growth. The combination of a rich historical legacy, the sustainable focus of the industry, and a growing public interest in health and wellness suggests a bright future for this industry. This growth is not only a boon for the tourism and hospitality sectors but also contributes to the overall economic and social fabric of the regions that capture the market.

10.2.2 The Growth of Wellness Programs is Corporate

Wellness is not only a philosophical idea. There is also a business application. Wellness is on the rise in the corporate world. Eighty-three percent of large organizations in the U.S. (i.e., large organizations being defined as 500+ employees) have a wellness program; this is a 65% increase since 2010 (Elflein, 2024). These include supporting employees physical wellbeing (e.g., exercise, nutrition, sleep, disease management), social (e.g., clubs, dancing, group activities), intellectual (e.g., arts and crafts, journaling, games/puzzles), spiritual (e.g., faith-based, personal meditation/reflection, mindfulness), emotional (e.g., peer counseling, stress management, humor/laughter), environmental (e.g., meditation, gardens, walking trails), and vocational (e.g., paid work, volunteer work, skills classes).

Why is wellness so important to large organizations? Research provides evidence that organizations believe wellness programs are important to modern internal customer service settings in business environments (Global Wellness Institute, 2018). Organizations credit wellness programs for increasing employee satisfaction, attracting desirable employees, doing the right thing, controlling healthcare costs, and generating revenue.

Significant shifts in wellness program trends are becoming evident as businesses increasingly recognize the importance of employee well-being.

One of the key trends poised for growth is the expansion of classes, activities, and programs in workplace wellness initiatives. This expansion reflects a holistic approach to wellness, going beyond physical health to include mental and emotional well-being. Companies are expected to diversify their offerings, incorporating activities like mindfulness sessions, nutritional workshops, and stress management programs to cater to a wide range of employee needs.

Simultaneously, there’s a notable trend towards increased budgets for corporate wellness programs. This investment is a strategic move, recognizing the tangible benefits these programs offer in terms of employee health, organizational productivity, and reduced healthcare costs. A RAND Health review (Mattke et al., 2012) highlights that businesses investing in comprehensive wellness programs can expect significant returns, sometimes as high as a 3:1 ROI. This financial commitment indicates a shift in perspective, viewing employee well-being as a core business strategy.

Despite these advancements, certain aspects of corporate wellness programs are expected to remain unchanged. Notably, recent studies anticipate an increase in wellness program budgets, employee participation, and number of activities and programs (Gough, 2024a; Wellable, 2024). This stability underscores a firm commitment to maintaining and enhancing the current level of investment in employee wellness.

These trends reflect a dynamic and thoughtful approach to corporate wellness, balancing expansion with strategic resource allocation. The focus on diversifying wellness options, coupled with a commitment to maintaining or increasing budgets, shows a deepening understanding of the multifaceted nature of employee well-being. As we look towards the next decade, it’s clear that corporate America is not just embracing wellness programs but is actively shaping them to be more inclusive, innovative, and integral to workplace culture.

10.2.3 The Growth of Spa

The spa industry can be understood as a subset of the wellness sector. Spa has experienced a remarkable evolution and growth over the past decade (Mcgroarty, 2022). This growth trajectory can be understood through a blend of historical context, emerging market trends, and shifts in consumer behavior.

Initially, the term ‘spa’ was traditionally associated with mineral springs, a definition that still holds official recognition. However, contemporary usage often extends to establishments offering health and beauty treatments through steam baths, exercise equipment, and massage. While this broadened definition caters to a wider market, it sometimes leads to misrepresentations, with some establishments inaccurately using ‘spa’ to evoke perceptions of natural healing environments.

Financially, the spa industry has demonstrated robust growth. Since 2009, spa revenue and visits have consistently increased, barring the exceptional circumstances of 2020 (American Spa, 2023). Notably, the average spending per spa visit has surged to $147, marking a 90% increase since 2012. With approximately 22,000 spas in the U.S., this sector represents a significant component of the wellness industry (Gough, 2023a).

Analyzing the factors contributing to this growth, several key drivers emerge. Firstly, the COVID-19 pandemic heightened public awareness and concern for personal wellness, subsequently increasing interest in spa services. Demographically, the industry is witnessing a diversification of its clientele. Men represent a rapidly growing market segment, showing a 9.5% annual increase in spa visits (Heath-Jones, 2019). Additionally, the aging baby boomer population is increasingly turning to spas as they enter retirement, while younger generations exhibit a greater propensity towards spa visits compared to their predecessors.

The health benefits offered by spas play a crucial role in their appeal, particularly in the post-COVID era. Consumers are more conscious of health and wellness benefits, seeking out spa services as a means to maintain and enhance their well-being. This trend is expected to continue, contributing to the projected 5% growth in the spa sector (International Spa Association, 2024).

Emerging markets and trends are also reshaping the spa industry. The concept of healthy hotels, which integrate wellness and spa services into their offerings, is gaining traction. Technological advancements have given rise to ‘wireless wellness,’ exemplified by the integration of fitness technology ranging from specialized gym equipment like that in Orange Theory to personal tracking devices like the Apple Watch. Additionally, traditional practices like hot springs and innovative methods like gravity suspension therapy are gaining popularity. The industry is also seeing growth in areas like ferocious fitness, social media influence on wellness, aromatherapy , wellness retreats, and even the integration of wellness concepts in end-of-life care (Spafinder, 2014; Spraul, 2024).

These multifaceted developments point to a dynamic future for the spa industry, with its expansion into wellness destinations and the integration of diverse wellness modalities. The sector’s growth is not just a reflection of changing consumer preferences but also indicative of a broader societal shift towards valuing health and wellness. As the industry adapts and evolves, it is poised to continue its trajectory of growth and diversification in the years ahead.

10.3 Private Clubs

Private clubs refer to membership-based social establishments offering recreational amenities, dining services or collective community spaces. They carry exclusivity connotations given their selective membership policies and private ownership structures. The global private club industry generates over $100 billion in annual revenue with the U.S. domestic market comprising the largest share (Private Club Marketing, 2024).

10.3.1 History of Private Clubs

Private clubs emerged as early havens for affluent individuals to congregate, socialize, and access exclusive leisure pursuits like golf, tennis, and swimming outside the home. Many cite American homegrown political clubs like the prestigious New York Society Library, formed in 1754, as forerunners to elite social clubs. Major metropolitan clubs provided comfortable spaces to dine, discuss business affairs, and host events given cramped urban living quarters in the late 19th century.

Proliferation continued into the early 20th century’s leisure and sporting boom alongside suburban expansion. Regional clubs focused on golf, yachting, and outdoor recreation. Given the plentiful opportunities for growth, the industry gained traction. This cemented the industry as a pillar of U.S. leisure pursuits and lifestyle in general. While historically dominated by upper class men, the 1970s saw diversification around age, gender and ethnicity widen access and choice.

10.3.2 Types of Private Clubs

A myriad of club varieties exist. They span major categories like country clubs, city-based clubs, and member-only nightlife venues. Of course, there are also more minor categories. For example, there are also clubs for furries, Dungeons and Dragons, and nearly any other pursuit. This section of the chapter will focus on the primary career pathways within the clubs industry. Yet, it should be noted that there are numerous clubs that exist.

10.3.2.1 Country Clubs

Country clubs offer recreational facilities, typically with a multi-sport anchor like golf or tennis alongside upscale dining and event spaces. More than 3,600 private country clubs operate in the U.S. alone. Of these clubs, 72% of global country clubs feature golf while 59% have swimming pools (York, 2002).

Normal initiation fees range from $5,000 at modest clubs to over $75,000 for premier properties, especially in affluent regions like the Northeast (Anjum, 2023; LinksDAO, n.d.). There is no cap on initiation fees in general though. Clubs have been charging more in recent years, particularly in the luxury sector of the club industry. The trend around country club initiation fees has been marked by a significant increase in recent years, driven by the growing demand for exclusive and luxurious amenities among affluent individuals. According to a report by the National Club Association (NCA), the average initiation fee for private clubs in the U.S. rose to $38,500 in 2021, a 7.8% increase from the previous year (NCA, 2022).

This surge in initiation fees is particularly evident in high-end clubs located in popular metropolitan areas and resort destinations. For instance, the Seminole Golf Club in Juno Beach, Florida, has an initiation fee of $350,000 for new members, while the Bel-Air Bay Club in Los Angeles charges a staggering $450,000 (Golf.com, 2023; Bel-Air Bay Club, n.d.). These exorbitant fees reflect the exclusivity and prestige associated with membership at such elite clubs, which offer top-notch amenities, including championship golf courses, state-of-the-art fitness facilities, and upscale dining options.

However, it’s important to note that not all country clubs have followed this trend of skyrocketing initiation fees. Many mid-tier and family-oriented clubs have maintained relatively modest fees in an effort to attract a broader demographic (Steele, 2024). Additionally, some clubs have implemented alternative membership models, such as non-equity memberships or pay-as-you-go options, to cater to those seeking more flexibility and affordability.

Initiation fees play a crucial role in the financial and operational aspects of country clubs and their membership structures. These fees, typically charged upon a new member’s entry, represent a significant source of revenue that helps maintain the high standards of facilities and services expected at these exclusive establishments. The initiation fees contribute to the club’s capital, funding improvements, expansions, and upkeep of the golf courses, tennis courts, swimming pools, and other amenities. Furthermore, they serve as a financial barrier that upholds the exclusivity and prestige of the club, ensuring that membership remains a coveted and valued status. This exclusivity not only enhances the perceived value of the club but also fosters a sense of community and belonging among members. In essence, initiation fees are more than just an entry cost; they are a fundamental part of a country club’s economic model and a key factor in preserving the quality and exclusivity that members expect and cherish.

Annual dues often represent substantial further investment beyond initiation fees, averaging $11,000 across all club types per the National Club Association (as cited in Steele, 2024).

10.3.2.2 City Clubs

City clubs , distinct from their country counterparts, offer a unique blend of social, dining, and recreational facilities, tailored to an urban setting. As of recent data, a significant number of such clubs operate across the U.S., providing an exclusive urban retreat for professionals and socialites (Club Leaders Forum, 2024). Unlike country clubs, city clubs may not always feature expansive outdoor sports facilities but often include fitness centers, elegant dining areas, and spaces for business and social gatherings.

City clubs serve professional clientele in urban areas via shared workspaces, networking events, lodging and fine dining access. The Harvard Club of New York City, for instance, provides preferential access to rooms at The New York Palace hotel. University-affiliated clubs are common like The Penn Club of New York for UPenn alumni. Meal plans, tiered fitness amenities and tiered membership levels offering different privileges are common. Global cities like London, Hong Kong and Dubai harbor concentrations of prestigious clubs bearing multi-year waitlists.

Initiation fees for city clubs vary widely. Fees are influenced by the club’s location, prestige, and the range of amenities offered. Fees generally begin in the $2,000-$4,000 range in more modest establishments. Premier clubs in major metropolitan areas like New York or San Francisco normally command fees of $50,000 on the high end. Of course, there are also outliers in what is known as the ultra-exclusive or ultra-private markets. While many clubs do not post fee structures, it is well known that some clubs are up to $400,000 in these ultra- markets. Furthermore, some clubs are so exclusive that fame or industry recognition are the only way to join the establishment. Whatever the fee structure, fees remain pivotal to the clubs’ financial health, just as the fees are in country clubs.

In addition to initiation fees, city clubs also charge annual dues, just as country clubs do. According to the National Club Association, these dues average around $7,000 to $15,000 annually (as cited in Steele, 2024), though this can vary widely based on the club’s stature and location. These dues, along with the initiation fees, form the backbone of a city club’s economic structure, enabling them to offer a blend of luxury, convenience, and exclusivity in the heart of bustling urban centers.

10.3.2.3 Night Clubs

Bars, lounges and nightclubs fall within the private club sphere when instituting strict entrance policies based on status, connections, or demographics . VIP-sections and bottle service are mainstays. Globally renowned nightclubs include Berghain in Berlin, infamously denying over half of visitors entry. Bouncers seemingly subjectively deem turned away individuals as not suitably aligning with their underground, creative ethos. Another excellent example of a vibrant nightlife due to night clubs is the city of Las Vegas. There are thousands of nightlife establishments that operate in Las Vegas alone (Davis et al., 2023), from high roller casinos to nightclubs leveraging celebrity hosts and haute couture aesthetics to attract well-heeled patrons.

Nightclubs, central to the nightlife and entertainment industry, offer a dynamic and vibrant social experience, markedly different from the serene ambiance of country clubs. The U.S. boasts a thriving nightclub scene, with a vast array of establishments catering to diverse music tastes and social preferences. These clubs are known for their lively atmosphere, featuring state-of-the-art sound systems, DJ performances, dance floors, and often, high-end bar services.

Unlike country clubs, nightclubs typically do not charge initiation fees or annual dues. Their revenue model is primarily based on cover charges, drink sales, and VIP service offerings. Cover charges vary significantly depending on the location, the popularity of the club, and the events being hosted. In major urban centers or for high-profile events, these charges can range from a nominal fee to several hundred dollars.

The financial backbone of nightclubs lies in their ability to attract a steady flow of patrons and offer exclusive services. VIP tables and bottle service, for instance, cater to a more affluent clientele and can command premium prices, often running into thousands of dollars for a single night. This exclusivity not only drives revenue but also enhances the club’s prestige and appeal.

Nightclubs also invest heavily in ambiance and experience, constantly upgrading sound and lighting systems, interior décor, and thematic elements to stay relevant and attractive to their target audience. This constant reinvention is crucial in an industry where trends and preferences change rapidly.

While nightclubs do not have a membership model akin to country clubs, their success hinges on creating a unique, memorable experience that encourages repeat visits and word-of-mouth promotion. In essence, the nightclub industry, with its focus on entertainment, exclusivity, and trendsetting, forms a vital and dynamic part of urban culture and nightlife.

10.3.3 Operations at Clubs

Private clubs represent expansive, member-focused operations with areas mirroring full-scale resorts. Administration handles membership processing, communications, legal and finance matters. Food and beverage comprises the dining facets while recreation manages fitness facilities, equipment and programming like leagues and lessons. Grounds oversee outdoor amenities from golf course and tennis court maintenance to landscaping, aquatics and exterior facilities care. Additional teams handle marketing plus events planning for member life cycle moments like weddings alongside third-party bookings.

Club managers regard membership and guest services as top priorities for success. Important industry texts such as CMAA’s Compensation and Benefits Reports and Annual Reports refer to KPIs around service to be integral to the organization’s effectiveness (Club Management Association of America [CMAA], 2022a). This underscores the member-centric mentality essential across departments. Staff must understand member preferences to personalize interactions and services. Marketing and communications also remain vital, leveraging platforms like mobile apps to continually engage existing members on offerings while curating targeted digital ad campaigns to attract prospective members.

Working in the private club industry, particularly in country and city clubs, offers a unique career experience characterized by long-term personal interactions and a sense of community. This industry stands apart from other hospitality sectors due to the norm of enduring relationships that professionals develop. Unlike transient interactions typical in hotels or resorts, private club employees often serve the same members for years, even decades. They also serve their families. This continuity allows for a level of personal service and familiarity that is rare in other fields (CMAA, 2022a).

In country clubs, professionals have the opportunity to engage with members in a variety of settings, from golf courses and tennis courts to dining rooms and special events. The multi-faceted nature of these clubs means that career paths can be diverse. Professionals might start in guest services, move into events coordination, and eventually advance to club management. Each role offers the chance to build lasting relationships with members, witnessing and participating in the milestones of their lives—from family celebrations to retirement parties.

City clubs, while more focused on social and business networking, also offer a platform for long-term member engagement. Yet, the environment is different in some ways. For example, getting to know your guest’s families is less likely while getting to watch how they work with others is more often.

The unique aspect of working in private clubs is the generational continuity. Employees often witness children growing up within the club, attending family events, and participating in youth programs. These children may eventually become members themselves, continuing the tradition and maintaining the relationship with the club and its staff. This generational aspect adds a layer of depth and fulfillment to working in private clubs, as employees become a part of their members’ extended families.

Moreover, this industry allows for a blend of professionalism and personalization that is hard to find elsewhere. Employees often know their members and their entire families by name, understand their lifestyle preferences, and anticipate their needs. This level of personalized service creates a warm and welcoming atmosphere, making the club a home away from home for its members.

A career in the private club industry, be it in country or city clubs, is an opportunity to be part of a community that includes lifelong relationships with guests as a norm of the working environment. The satisfaction derived from seeing the direct impact of one’s work on members’ lives, coupled with the diverse career pathways available, makes working in private clubs a unique experience in hospitality and tourism.

10.3.4 Golf and Clubs

Golf, as an industry, has experienced a notable growth in recent years. This growth may be driven by various factors including changing demographics, technological advancements, and evolving consumer preferences. This resurgence is reflected in both the economic impact of the sport and the diverse career opportunities it presents, spanning public and private courses. Yet, it is the COVID-19 pandemic that may have most contributed to the growth of golf in recent years.

The early 2020s witnessed an enormous growth of interest in golf. This has been attributed to its perception as a safe, outdoor activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the National Golf Foundation (n.d.), the number of rounds played in the U.S. saw a significant increase, with a 13.9% rise in 2020 compared to 2019, the largest year-over-year increase since 1997 when golf experienced the Tiger Woods effect . The “Tiger Woods effect” refers to the significant surge in popularity and participation in golf that occurred following Tiger Woods’ emergence and success in the sport during the late 1990s.This uptick was not just limited to play but also extended to equipment sales and memberships, signaling a robust revival for the industry. For instance, the sale of golf equipment in the U.S. surged to $2.81 billion in 2020, a remarkable 10% increase from the previous year (Tighe, 2024).

The differentiation between public and private golf courses is a key aspect of the industry. Public golf courses, which are open to the general public, constitute the majority of golf courses in the U.S. According to the National Golf Foundation (n.d.), approximately 75% of the 16,000 golf facilities in the U.S. are public courses. These courses are more accessible and typically cater to a broader audience, including casual and beginner golfers. The revenue model for public courses relies heavily on green fees , golf cart rentals, and range sales, along with income from pro shops and on-site food and beverage services.

Private golf courses, on the other hand, are exclusive to members and their guests. Private clubs offer a more exclusive experience, often with additional amenities like dining, event space, tennis courts, and swimming pools. The appeal of private courses lies in their exclusivity, personalized service, and community aspects.

The growth of the golf industry has also expanded career opportunities. Careers in golf go beyond the traditional roles of golf pros and caddie masters. Golf course management and maintenance is a significant career field, with roles such as golf course superintendents, who are responsible for maintaining the golf course grounds and ensuring optimal playing conditions. These roles require expertise in agronomy, environmental management, and the use of sophisticated maintenance equipment.

Additionally, the golf industry offers careers in hospitality and event management, especially in private clubs where hosting tournaments and events is common. Professionals in these roles manage logistics, coordinate with sponsors, and ensure a high-quality experience for participants and spectators. Sales and marketing careers are also vital in promoting golf courses and driving membership and visitor rounds. This includes digital marketing, which has become increasingly important as golf courses and clubs seek to attract younger demographics through online platforms.

The advent of golf technology companies has opened up new career paths in areas like equipment design, manufacturing, and sales. The rise of golf simulators and digital coaching tools has also created opportunities in software development and data analytics.

Golf tourism is another growing segment, with careers in travel planning and resort management. This sector capitalizes on the appeal of iconic golf destinations, offering packages that combine golf with lodging and other leisure activities.

10.3.5 The growth of the Private Club Industry

Private clubs as an industry have demonstrated marked growth in recent years, driven by rising participation in golf, tennis and fitness overall alongside increasing population densities constricting private space. Fifty-five percent of clubs witnessed membership expansion during COVID, with average club size also ticking upward (as cited in Barron, 2023). Seventy percent of clubs are actively pursuing development projects to expand amenities. Median annual club revenue reached $7.37 million in 2022, with median net membership growth of 3% signifying sustained momentum.

This upward trajectory is projected to continue. The CMAA’s Finance and Operations Report (2022b) identified a strong rebound for the industry post-COVID with $27.2 billion spent at country clubs in 2022, which constitutes a nearly 25% growth over 2021. Of course, COVID caused decline (Capstone Hospitality, 2022). IBIS World (2024) does not forecast this type of exponential post-COVID growth to continue, yet they do forecast a consistent 2.2% annualized growth in the coming decade, which includes 1.5% annual growth in the number of clubs. This growth remains concentrated across North America which represents 47% of the global club market (CMAA, 2022). India, China, Argentina and Australia also seem to show substantial development pipelines as populations grow though. This is in alignment with rises in consumer spending. There is also an idea at global conferences such as CMAA and NCA that now that golf has secured Olympic status, there will be a boost in international participation.

10.5 Gaming: Casinos and Gambling

Casinos and gaming can be referred to as gambling . But this is an industry with a rich history that offers intriguing career pathways. To understand this industry holistically we should begin by understanding core components

The concepts of gaming and gambling are often used interchangeably, yet they hold distinct meanings and connotations. Gaming is defined as “the practice or activity of playing games (such as board games, card games, or video games)” (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). This broad definition encompasses everything from board games and sports competitions to video games and interactive digital experiences. The essence of gaming lies in its structured nature, where established rules and often skill, strategy, or chance dictate the outcome.

Gambling, on the other hand, is more narrowly defined. The act of gambling involves wagering something of value, typically money, on an event with an uncertain outcome, with the primary intent of winning additional money or material goods. It’s characterized by elements of risk, chance, and uncertainty. Unlike gaming, where skill and knowledge can significantly influence the outcome, gambling relies heavily on luck or chance. This distinction is critical in understanding the nature of casinos and their appeal.

The interplay between gaming and gambling is evident in many modern casinos where both elements coexist. Games in casinos, such as poker or blackjack, require a blend of skill and luck, thus embodying aspects of both gaming and gambling.

In this textbook, we will use the three primary terms in this field in this manner:

• Gaming – Gaming refers to playing games, such as video games or gambling, for entertainment. It is a popular leisure and recreational activity across cultures.
• Gambling – Gambling involves wagering money or other valuables on events with uncertain outcomes, with the intent of winning additional money and/or material goods. The activity revolves around taking risks and leveraging chance for financial or material gain.
• Casinos – Casinos operate as establishments that facilitate various types of gambling activities, including table games like poker and blackjack, electronic gaming machines like slot machines, and sports betting. They offer a physical space for both casual entertainment-focused gambling and professional high-stakes wagering.

10.5.1 The History of Casinos and Gambling

Gambling, an activity as old as civilization itself, has evolved from ancient pastimes to a substantial global industry. The history of gambling reflects the cultural, social, and economic shifts across centuries and continents. It is intertwined with humanity’s journey, influenced by political, religious, and social dynamics.

10.5.1.2 Historical Traces of Gambling

The earliest evidence of gambling dates back to ancient civilizations (Glimne, 2024). In Egypt, dice-like gaming pieces were found in tombs dating back to 3000 B.C.E., suggesting that betting games were part of daily life. Ancient Greek literature also mentions dice games, although gambling was not entirely socially accepted in Greece. Conversely, Romans embraced gambling, despite legal restrictions. Evidence suggests that Romans bet on chariot races, animal fights, and gladiator battles, indicating the prevalence of gambling in their society.

In China, evidence of gambling activities dates back to 2300 B.C.E. The Chinese ‘Book of Songs’ refers to the “drawing of wood,” which suggests that the tiles used in a game were part of a lottery-type activity. The Chinese are also credited with the invention of playing cards around the 9th century A.D., a tool that would become central to gambling activities worldwide.

These historical instances show that gambling has always been a part of human culture. However, it was often viewed with a mix of fascination and caution, as societies grappled with the moral and social implications of gambling.

10.5.1.3 Academic Philosophy of Play

From an academic perspective, gambling is an integral part of the study of play and leisure. Play, defined as any voluntary activity that provides enjoyment and recreation, is a fundamental human activity. Johan Huizinga, in his seminal work Homo Ludens (1938), argues that play is older than culture and is a necessary condition for the generation of cultures. Gambling fits into this framework as a form of play that involves stakes and risks, providing excitement and entertainment.

Leisure studies , a field that examines the role of leisure in human life, often focus on gambling as a leisure activity. Psychologically, gambling fulfills several human needs: the thrill of risk-taking, the escape from reality, and the pursuit of financial gain. Sociologically, gambling has been studied as a phenomenon that reflects social and economic structures. It’s a mirror to societal attitudes towards risk, reward, and luck.

The academic study of gambling also touches on the concept of ‘alea,’ or chance. French sociologist Roger Caillois described alea as one of the four fundamental categories of play in his book Man, Play, and Games (1961). Alea represents games of chance, where the outcome is entirely dependent on luck, stripping players of control, and creating a sense of equality regardless of social or physical differences.

10.5.2 The Emergence of Casinos

The history of casinos as establishments dedicated to gambling is both rich and varied. The earliest form of casinos can be traced back to Italy in the 17th century. The term ‘casino’ itself is of Italian origin, derived from ‘casa,’ meaning a house. Originally, these establishments were small clubhouses for the Italian elite to engage in social activities, including gambling. However, the concept of a casino as we know it today began to take shape with the opening of Ridotto in Venice in 1638. This marked the first recognized gambling house in Europe, where controlled gambling was allowed during the carnival season.

The evolution of casinos from exclusive gatherings to mainstream entertainment venues was gradual. By the 19th century, casinos had become prominent across Europe, with establishments like the Casino de Monte-Carlo in Monaco and the Kursaal in Baden-Baden becoming famous. These casinos were more than just places to gamble; they were opulent, social hubs where the elite convened, offering a range of entertainment, dining, and leisure activities.

In the U.S., the casino industry took a different trajectory. Gambling was widespread in the early 19th century. Yet, it was not until Nevada legalized gambling in 1931 that the foundation for modern American casinos was laid (Wide Open Gambling Bill, 1931). This legalization led to the birth of Las Vegas. The city transformed from a desert town to the gambling capital of the world. The establishment of the Flamingo Hotel and Casino in 1946 marked a significant moment in Las Vegas’s history, setting a precedent for the luxury and glamor associated with casinos today.

Modern casinos have evolved to become comprehensive entertainment complexes. They offer a variety of gaming options including slot machines, table games, and electronic gaming. Beyond gaming, these establishments have diversified to include high-end restaurants, bars, concert venues, and hotels. This evolution reflects the changing attitudes towards gambling and its integration into mainstream entertainment.

Casinos have also embraced technological advancements, transitioning into the digital age with the rise of online gambling. Online casinos and gambling platforms have broadened the reach of the industry, allowing users to engage in gaming and gambling activities from anywhere in the world. The online gambling market size worldwide was valued at 63 billion U.S. dollars in 2022 and is projected to grow to 184 billion U.S. dollars by 2032 (Statista Research Department, 2024).

10.5.3 Types of Casinos and Gambling

There are numerous types of casinos and gambling. Professionals in this field do not need to work in all of the different types or be a professional player in games, but they should be cognizant of the games in a casino and where these games take place.

These games are fun! Learning them can be a profession, a fun pastime or hobby, or for some individuals an addiction. Hospitality professionals in the casino and gaming fields have a responsibility to their clientele that is perhaps unique from other areas of hospitality.

Hospitality professionals working in the gaming industry should be cognizant of the potential for gambling addiction among their guests. Gambling disorder, also known as pathological gambling or compulsive gambling, is a recognized mental health condition characterized by an uncontrollable urge to engage in gambling activities despite negative consequences. Gaming industry professionals have a responsibility to prioritize responsible gaming practices and implement measures to identify and assist guests who may be struggling with gambling addiction. This includes providing resources and support services, as well as training staff to recognize the signs of problem gambling behavior. By understanding the complexities of gambling addiction and adopting a proactive approach, hospitality professionals in the gaming industry can contribute to the well-being of their guests and promote a sustainable and ethical gaming environment.

10.5.3.1 Gambling and Games

Table games represent the quintessential mainstays of casino floors, including classics like blackjack, poker, roulette, baccarat and craps. According to 2023 revenue statistics from the UNLV Center for Gaming Research (2024) focused just on the gaming hub of Nevada, table games collectively generated casino revenues upward of $5 billion. Slot machines constitute another pillar of casino gaming, favored for straightforward gameplay mechanics and the potential promise of substantial payouts. In 2019, slot machines across all U.S. casinos amassed revenues beyond $32 billion (Sayre, 2023).

Once restricted outside of Nevada, sports betting has rapidly expanded across America following the pivotal 2018 Supreme Court verdict (Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2018) that overturned the federal ban on sports gambling. Per American Gaming Association (AGA) figures (2023), sports betting proceeds reached more than $60 billion in 2022, and continue an upward climb as more states embrace legalization. The legalization of sports betting in various states has paved the way for collaborations between state governments, professional sports leagues, and betting companies, driving the growth of the casino and gaming sectors within the hospitality industry. According to the American Gaming Association, as of May 2024, 38 states and the District of Columbia have legalized sports betting (AGA, 2024). This has led to partnerships between major sports leagues like the NFL, NBA, and MLB with sportsbook operators such as DraftKings, FanDuel, and BetMGM.

For example, the NFL has official data and marketing partnerships with numerous sportsbook operators, including Caesars Entertainment, DraftKings, and FanDuel (NFL, 2021). Similarly, the NBA has struck deals with multiple betting companies, including extensive partnerships beyond normal licensing agreements that are common in sports (FanDuel Group, 2023). These collaborations not only generate revenue for the leagues and teams but also provide betting companies with access to official data and branding opportunities, further expanding their reach within the regulated sports betting market.

Government-sponsored lotteries enable another prevalent form of gambling. U.S. lotteries cumulatively realized sales exceeding $107 billion in fiscal year 2022 (Statista Research Department, 2023b). The game of chance bingo also claims devotees at dedicated bingo halls, casinos and community venues, significantly contributing to gaming revenues particularly in North America and Europe.

Online gambling has ascended rapidly, on track to becoming a $136 billion global industry by 2029 (Statista Marketing Insights, 2024), fueled by enhanced internet connectivity and mobile device penetration expansion. Myriad virtual games offer remote gameplay around slots, tables games or sports betting. A newer format combines online convenience with live streaming of human dealers in real-time to heighten authenticity and interactivity for hybrid games like blackjack , roulette and baccarat .

Fantasy sports betting similarly involves creating virtual teams to compete based on statistical performance of real athletes. In 2022, the Fantasy Sports and Gaming Association documented over 60 million fantasy sports players in the U.S. and Canada engaging friends, family and strangers in fierce but friendly wagering. Finally, online poker rooms exemplify peer-to-peer gambling , allowing players to compete head-to-head in card games without a casino intermediary. These direct access platforms have cultivated robust player bases and hold their own market share of gaming proceeds.

10.5.3.2 Casino Types

Land-based casinos are expansive complexes encompassing a gambling activities. These businesses often include accommodations, dining, entertainment, and retail . Quintessential examples include the iconic casinos along the Las Vegas Strip or those in Macau. There are 1,257 brick-and-mortar casinos operate within the U.S. according to statistics from the American Gaming Association (2023). These casinos generate annual gaming revenues of more than $30 billion, with approximately half of this originating in Las Vegas (Stutz, 2023). In recent years Macau has become known as the epicenter of the gambling world. Gaming revenues have eclipsed $45 billion in a single year in Macau (Stutz, 2024)!

Riverboat casinos have gained popularity as an alternative in regions where land-based casinos face legal restrictions. These facilities are situated along waterways aboard river vessels, reviving a 19th century concept that originally took root along the Mississippi River. Presently, over 100 riverboat casinos cruise along waterways in states permitting their operation, like Louisiana, Mississippi, and Illinois (RMS, 2015).

Another variety, known as racetrack casinos or “racinos,” fuse horse racing tracks with casino gaming services and slot machines in one compound, additionally allowing patrons to wager on live races. Primarily concentrated across 14 states in the U.S., racetrack casinos collectively generated over $8 billion in gross gaming revenue in 2019 (Statista Research Department, 2013, 2023e).

At premium resorts and hotels, resort casinos integrate extensive casino gaming features like table games and slots with luxury accommodations, spas, golf, and other upscale hospitality amenities into one destination property catering to vacationers. Prominent resort casino examples include Wynn Las Vegas and The Venetian Macao.

With the advent of digital technologies, online casinos have emerged to offer virtual gambling opportunities from the convenience of one’s own device, connecting players anywhere worldwide. Valued at $100 billion in 2024, the global online gambling industry size continues exponential expansion as technology unlocks new frontiers for casinos without borders (Statista Market Insights, 2024).

Tribal casinos constitute another significant segment, owned and administered by Native American tribal nations on sovereign reservation lands. Regulated under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988), around 245 tribal gaming entities operated approximately 524 gaming facilities as of 2019, producing an estimated $34 billion in aggregate gaming revenue (Harris, 2019).

10.5.3.3 Tribal Casinos

Tribal casinos represent a significant and unique segment of the American gaming industry. The foundation for tribal casinos was laid in 1987 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that if a state permits any form of gaming, then Native American tribes within that state can also conduct gaming operations (California v. Cabazon Band of Indians, 1987). This landmark decision was further solidified by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) of 1988, which established a regulatory framework for tribal gaming and defined the various classes of gaming activities. This Act not only recognized the sovereignty of Native American tribes in conducting gaming operations but also provided an avenue for economic development and self-sufficiency for tribal communities.

The growth of tribal casinos nationwide has been remarkable. From 372 casinos in 2006, the number increased to 525 by 2020 (Statista Research Department, 2023c). This expansion reflects not just the popularity of gaming among the public but also the successful adoption of gaming as a key economic strategy by numerous tribes. These casinos vary in size and offerings, from small gaming operations to large resort-style casinos with a wide range of amenities. They serve as important economic engines in many tribal communities, generating revenue that funds tribal government operations, social services, and infrastructure development.

However, the COVID-19 pandemic posed significant challenges to this sector. Tribal casinos, like their counterparts in the broader gaming industry, faced closures and operational disruptions. The pandemic’s impact on tribal casinos was complex, given their unique status and the varying responses of different tribes. All that are expected to reopen have now reopened, albeit many have permanently enhanced their safety measures. It should be noted that some have remained closed even today and do not project to open again in the future (e.g., Makah).

The presence of tribal casinos is notable in states such as Washington. Of the 29 tribal lands in the state, 28 have operational casinos (Governor’s Office of Indian Affairs, n.d.). The only exception is the Makah tribe in the northwest corner of the state, on the far side of a large national park from any population centers (i.e., Olympic National Park). Tribal casinos have become key players in Washington’s gaming landscape, offering a range of gaming experiences from slots and table games to large-scale entertainment and dining facilities. The tribal casinos in Washington have contributed significantly to the state’s economy, not only in terms of gaming revenue but also through employment opportunities and the development of ancillary businesses.

Washington’s tribal casinos also reflect the broader trends in the national tribal gaming industry, with some expanding their operations and others grappling with the challenges posed by the pandemic. The future of these casinos, like many across the country, will likely be influenced by a combination of factors including economic conditions and the evolving preferences of gamers.

10.5.4 Career Pathways

The casino industry offers a plethora of career pathways for those looking to enter this field. Choosing a career in this sector is not just about finding a job; it is about embarking on a journey in an industry where variety and customer interaction are at the forefront. Each role within a casino plays a crucial part in creating an immersive and enjoyable experience for guests, making the selection of a career path both critical and potentially rewarding.

Casino Cashiers are often referred to as the financial hub of a casino. Professionals in these positions are responsible for handling monetary transactions. This role involves managing cash inflows and outflows, exchanging chips for cash, and ensuring financial accuracy. The position demands high levels of trust and integrity, alongside strong mathematical skills.

Casinos often feature large and complex security teams. Security and Surveillance teams form the backbone of casino safety and integrity. These personnel are tasked with patrolling the casino floor, managing crowd control, and ensuring the safety of guests and staff. Surveillance officers, often working from behind the scenes, monitor the casino via cameras. These individuals look for irregular activities and behaviors that could indicate cheating or theft.

Floor staff are the face of the casino. They directly interact with guests on a daily basis. The floor staff includes a range of positions from game operators to customer service representatives. They ensure that guests have an enjoyable experience. They are often tasked with addressing guest concerns and providing assistance.

Slot attendants oversee the slot machine areas. Their primary duties include assisting guests with machine operation, making payouts, and ensuring a pleasant gaming experience. Slot hosts go a step further, often managing relationships with regular visitors and VIP guests. They are tasked with the provision of personalized service to enhance the gaming experience for gamblers.

High rollers at a casino are known as whales . Casino hosts play a critical role in guest services for whales. Casino hosts are responsible for creating tailored experiences for guests, managing VIP services, and maintaining customer loyalty. This role requires excellent interpersonal skills and a deep understanding of customer service.

A casino manager oversees the entire operation of the casino. Responsibilities include managing staff, overseeing daily operations, ensuring compliance with gaming regulations, and maintaining high levels of customer satisfaction. Strong leadership and organizational skills are essential for this role. Furthermore, budgeting, forecasting, and other control functions of management are required in order to succeed in these roles.

The casino floor is a precarious location to work. This is a fast-paced environment requiring attention to detail, multi-tasking, and enhanced management skills. Pit clerks and (pit) bosses ensure the smooth operation of table games. They supervise the gaming area, manage dealers, and ensure compliance with casino policies and procedures. These roles require a good understanding of casino games and strong leadership abilities.

Dealers are at the heart of table games in a casino. They manage the game, ensuring fair play, and often contribute to the overall gaming atmosphere through their interactions with players. Dealers require a combination of technical skill in managing games and excellent customer service skills.

Regarding employment in the casino sector, the industry has witnessed steady growth. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2024), entry-level employment in face-to-face gambling industries are projected to grow slightly more than 1 percent from 2019 to 2029. This growth of nearly 20,000 new jobs annually is driven by the continuing popularity of gambling, the legalization of sports betting in many states, and the introduction of new casinos.

10.5.5 Trends and the Future of the Casino and Gambling Industry

The casino and gambling industries are currently experiencing significant transformations. These transformations are primarily driven by technological advancements and a surge in online gambling. The rise of online platforms has revolutionized the way people engage in gambling activities. Specifically, these platforms offer convenience, a wide array of gaming options, and ubiquitous accessibility. According to a 2023 report by Grand View Research, the global online gambling market size was valued at $53.7 billion in 2019 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.5% from now to 2027 (as cited in NYCE International, 2023). This rapid growth is attributed to increasing internet penetration and the widespread adoption of smartphones. Online casinos now offer an experience comparable to physical venues, with live dealer games and virtual reality (VR) options enhancing the immersive aspect of gaming. For instance, games like VR roulette and live streaming poker tournaments are becoming increasingly popular, attracting a new generation of gamblers.

Technological advancements are not limited to online platforms; they are also reshaping traditional brick-and-mortar casinos. Modern casinos are integrating advanced technologies like facial recognition for security, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) chips for tracking bets, and AI (Artificial Intelligence) for personalized customer service and data analysis. These innovations improve operational efficiency and security without having a negative impact on the customer experience. In fact, they can even improve the customer experience while increasing security and data collection. For example, AI-driven data analytics are used to understand customer preferences and tailor marketing strategies. Another example is RFID technology ensuring the accuracy of tracking chips, in turn reducing the risk of theft and fraud. The integration of technology is also seen in the adoption of cashless payment systems. Cashless payment systems are a trend that was accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic to reduce physical contact. Casinos have had a particularly arduous time moving from cash to cashless payment systems. A study by the American Gaming Association (2020) revealed that 59% of past-year casino visitors are less likely to use cash in their everyday lives because of the pandemic, indicating a necessary shift towards cashless transactions in casinos.

Looking to the future, the casino and gambling industries are poised for further evolution. The legalization of sports betting in several U.S. states is a significant trend that is expected to continue, potentially opening up a massive new market. The American Gaming Association (2021) reported that sports betting revenue in the U.S. reached $1.55 billion in 2020, despite the pandemic. Additionally, there is a growing focus on responsible gambling and sustainability. Casinos are increasingly adopting measures to promote responsible gambling, such as setting deposit limits and offering self-exclusion programs. The emphasis on sustainability is seen in the adoption of eco-friendly practices in casino operations, aligning with global environmental concerns. Furthermore, the industry is likely to see more immersive gaming experiences with advancements in VR and AR (Augmented Reality), offering players a more engaging and interactive gaming environment. As technology continues to advance and regulatory landscapes evolve, the casino and gambling industries are set to expand and transform, adapting to the changing preferences of a diverse and growing global audience.

10.6 HOAs, Timeshares, And Vacation Rentals

10.6.1 Homeowners Association (HOA)

Homeowners Association (HOA) management teams leverage similar skill sets to those in the hospitality and tourism industries. It is essential to understand the intricacies and responsibilities that come with this role if one wants to learn about HOAs and potentially work in one. HOAs play a pivotal role in managing the communal aspects of residential communities, ensuring that they are well-maintained, financially stable, and harmonious.

Homeowners Associations are organizations in residential communities that make and enforce rules for the properties and residents. According to Foundation for Community Association Research, as of 2020, there are approximately 355,000 community associations in the U.S., housing about 73.5 million residents. This indicates the expansive role HOAs play in residential living.

HOA team members are involved in various tasks, including financial management. Financial management includes budgeting, setting HOA fees, managing funds, and financial planning for future expenses.is a critical component. An HOA’s budget is primarily funded by fees collected from residents. The average HOA fee falls between $200-$300 per month (Chen, 2023). These funds are allocated to maintenance, emergency repairs, and reserves. Effective financial planning is essential to avoid special assessments that can burden homeowners.

HOAs are subject to state laws and regulations. Compliance with these laws, including fair housing regulations, is crucial. Mismanagement can lead to legal disputes, which can be costly for the association. Learning legal and regulatory compliance is important to HOA professionals. Each country, state, city, region, state or province, municipality, etc. may have different HOA regulations. The regulations are not always HOA specific. For example, in the state of Washington, the Washington Condominium Act of 1990 (Wash. Rev. Code § 64.34, 1990), State civil rights laws (Washington State Office of the Attorney General, n.d.), Federal Flag Display Law (Wash. Rev. Code § 64.38.033, 2004), and numerous rights and responsibilities laws throughout the state need to be learned and adhered to if one is to effectively manage an HOA.

As the number of HOAs continues to grow, so does the need for dedicated, knowledgeable, and skilled professionals in this field.

Understanding the multifaceted aspects of HOA management is key to thriving in this career. It’s not just about enforcing rules or managing finances; it’s about creating and maintaining a community that residents are proud to call home. This involves a deep understanding of legal and financial aspects, excellent communication skills, and the ability to navigate complex interpersonal dynamics.

10.6.2 Timeshare and Vacation Rentals

The vacation ownership industry encompasses timeshare properties and private vacation home rentals, offering travelers flexible lodging alternatives. With over 9.6 million vacation ownership week equivalents in circulation in the U.S. and over a half-million full-time jobs in the global timeshare industry (Lindner, 2023), this expansive sector employs hundreds of thousands in roles from sales to hospitality.

Timeshare complexes grant owners predefined annual access, typically one week, at a fully-furnished resort property unit. Specializing in high-volume sales, marketing and hospitality, sales teams thoroughly communicate program details like maintenance fees, unit occupancy limits, trading options and financing during owner orientation sessions that typically last 90-120 minutes in length.

The average purchase price approached almost $23,000 in 2020 across more than 1,500 timeshare resorts worldwide (Lindner, 2023). Promotional pricing and low initial investments like $199 teaser fees often offset ongoing costs. With overall owner satisfaction rates above 65%, yearly maintenance fees averaging under $1,000 prove acceptable for predictable vacation access. Timeshare developers can also leverage economy of scale, passing savings from bulk furnishings purchases and centralized resort management to owners.

Various revenue streams sustain operations, including closing percentages from new sales, annual maintenance fees, financing interest and residuals from point rental packages. On average, sales representatives earn $100,000 base salaries (Talent.com, 2024), plus commissions and performance incentives at legacy developers like Marriott, Hilton and Disney.

Alternatively, the shared economy spawned digital vacation rental marketplaces connecting private homeowners with travelers, similarly to ride or home sharing platforms. Santa Barbara-based Vacasa managed over 22,000 rental properties by 2019, earning up to 25% commission per booking. The firm valued professional property management and localized expertise, leading to their acquisition of Canadian cottage rental company Wyndham Vacation Rentals for $162 million in 2019 (Hinote, 2019). Vacasa employs cleaning, maintenance and marketing employees across North America to service homes under management. Other leaders in space like TurnKey and VTrips likewise offer homeowners hands-off rental revenue options while guaranteeing quality stays for globe-trotting renters.

The analytics firm Grand View Research projected global vacation rental income would reach almost $110 billion by 2027, boosted by trends towards remote work flexibility and digital access (2020). The average nightly rates for private vacation homes in 2023 are over $300 (Hollander, 2024), enabling attractive income potential for managed private vacation homes actively marketed to travelers.

A number of determining factors increase appeal to both renters and homeowners from leveraging this hands-off income option over alternatives like hotel stays. From entire homes allowing families or groups to comfortably stay together to home-y amenities perfect for remote work, private rentals promote social connection, productivity and convenience across longer average stays than hotels.

Meanwhile home security advances like smart locks and cameras alleviate homeowner concerns while increasing confidence for remotely monitored properties. Local destination expertise from specialized property management teams enhances both in-stay experiences and home owner guidance on optimizing assets.

With over 50% of American workers earning income beyond main jobs in growing side hustles and alternative revenue streams (as cited in Tarkazikis, 2023), vacation property leasing and associated management underpins an entire asset-lite travel industry relying on sharing economy trust and smart technology.

The wide range of opportunities powering joint economic and travel efficiency for remote workers, families, couples or groups signals enduring momentum. Orienting around the same core hospitality principles governing hotels, combined with uniquely personalized spaces facilitating deeper destination connection promises sustained industry growth and jobs catering to an evolving, adventure-seeking audience.

10.7 Senior Living Centers

The senior living industry is experiencing robust growth due to lifespans lengthening and baby boomers entering retirement age. This sector offers diverse employment options tailored to the type of seniors across the aging spectrum one is inclined to work with. Examples of opportunities include independent living, assisted living, memory care, and skilled services (although, skilled services may require a healthcare background).

Senior living center Industry revenues exceeded $75 billion globally pre-pandemic, with the U.S. senior housing market valued at $58.9 billion in 2021 per Research and Markets (Statista Research Department, 2023f). Substantial development pipelines averaging almost $10 billion annually underscore massive expansion opportunities to serve our aging population. Various senior living models cater to distinct needs in this large sector.

Independent living communities provide maintenance-free housing for active seniors still living independently. Luxury facilities positioned as resort-style retirement offer fine dining, fitness centers, pools, golf, clubs and more alongside accessible apartment homes with emergency alert systems. Staff handle building upkeep, often including home cleaning, while nurses monitor resident health through clinics. Over 1 million U.S. seniors reside in one of the over 1,900 dedicated independent living communities as of 2022 (Statista Research Department, 2023f).

Assisted living delivers personalized care in private apartment-style residences for those requiring some assistance with daily living activities (e.g., dressing, bathing, medication management). This approach to aging encourages independence but provides assistance. For example, cCare staff are available 24/7 to respond to needs at these types of facilities. Of the nation’s over 30,000 assisted living communities, over 80% are private pay with median national monthly rates around $4,300, making financial planning key (National Center for Health Statistics, 2024).

Special secured neighborhoods within communities are necessary for effective care of those with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Such options are called memory care . through structured routines maximizing retained abilities while sensitively assisting with lost functions. With dementia cases tripling by 2050 (as cited in Tran, 2022), demand is skyrocketing. There are over 3,300 U.S. stand-alone memory care communities in operation, with many more embedded memory care wings (Howley, 2022).

Skilled nursing centers provide round-the-clock clinical care from Registered Nurses (RNs) and nursing aides when advanced medical oversight, short-term rehabilitation, or long-term custodial requirements become necessary. More than 70% of the over 15,700 licensed U.S. nursing homes nationwide operate as part of senior living campuses (Van Dis, 2023). This enables a seamless transition between levels of care based on changing needs.

A blend of diverse hospitality elements and healthcare accessibility ensures safety, social engagement, and wellbeing in senior living communities. This environment enables older adults to maximize their potential at every stage of their lives. The purpose-driven mission of these communities fosters strong bonds between staff and residents. This bond constitutes an important factor to consider when exploring career paths in this field.

Career opportunities in senior living are varied, ranging from healthcare roles such as nursing, caregiving, and therapy to hospitality positions in dining services, lifestyle programming, and maintenance. Executive directors play a pivotal role, overseeing campus strategy, budgeting, and growth planning. This responsibility extends from managing single properties to handling multi-site portfolios, with experienced professionals often earning six-figure salaries.

The senior living sector is experiencing significant growth, with job projections increasing by about 16% over the next decade, nearly double the average across all industries (Bonvissuto, 2023). This growth is primarily driven by the aging baby boomer population becoming eligible for senior living services. Consequently, this expanding sector offers abundant opportunities to make a meaningful impact in the lives of millions of older adults.

 

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