Works Cited and Recommended References

Works Cited

The following sources provided the primary theoretical frameworks for analyzing expertise, miracles, and social objectivity.

• Crenshaw, Kimberlé. “The panic over critical race theory is an attempt to whitewash U.S. history.” The Washington Post, 2021. (Case study for Epistemic Authority in historical narratives).

• Harding, Sandra. “Strong Objectivity: A Response to the New Objectivity Question.” Synthese, 1995. (The primary source for Strong Objectivity and Standpoint Theory).

• Hume, David. “Of Miracles.” An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 1748. (The foundational text for the logic of Extraordinary Claims).

• Overall, Christine. “Miracles as Evidence Against the Existence of God.” The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 1985. (A contemporary philosophical expansion on Hume’s skepticism).

• Reid, Thomas. An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense, 1764. (The primary source for Non-Reductionism in testimony).

• Vaughn, Lewis. The Power of Critical Thinking. 7th ed., Oxford University Press, 2021. (Source for Expert Criteria, Fake News, and Evidence evaluation).

Recommended References

The following materials offer deeper explorations into trust, disinformation, and the social nature of knowledge.

Expertise and Consensus

• Nichols, Tom. The Death of Expertise: The Campaign against Established Knowledge and Why it Matters. Oxford University Press. (Explores the social “collapse” of expert authority in the internet age).

• Goldman, Alvin. “Experts: Which Ones Should You Trust?” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. (A technical look at the “Novice-Expert” problem).

Misinformation and “Fake News”

• Caulfield, Mike. Web Literacy for Student Fact-Checkers. (The definitive guide to Lateral Reading and verifying digital claims).

• Wardle, Claire. “Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policymaking.” (A deep dive into the difference between misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation).

Testimony and Social Epistemology

• Fricker, Miranda. Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing. Oxford University Press. (Crucial for understanding why certain voices are “discounted” as authorities based on prejudice).

• Coady, C.A.J. Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Clarendon Press. (A comprehensive philosophical defense of the reliability of testimony).