Works Cited and Recommended References

Works Cited

The following sources provided the theoretical frameworks for the analysis of necessary/sufficient conditions, the four causes, and the methods of induction.

• Aristotle. Physics (Books II and III) and Metaphysics (Book V). (The foundational texts for the Four Causes).

• Hart, H.L.A., and Tony Honoré. Causation in the Law. 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 1985. (Primary source for “But-For” causation and legal necessity).

• Hesse, Mary B. Models and Analogies in Science. University of Notre Dame Press, 1966. (Technical resource for the evaluation of causal models).

• Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. 1748. (The seminal text for causal skepticism and the concept of Constant Conjunction).

• Mackie, J.L. “Causes and Conditions.” American Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 2, no. 4, 1965, pp. 245–264. (The source for the INUS condition).

• Mill, John Stuart. A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive. 1843. (Specifically Book III, Chapter VIII, which details Mill’s Methods).

• Salmon, Wesley C. Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World. Princeton University Press, 1984. (Primary source for the Mechanistic View of causation).

Recommended References

The following materials offer deeper explorations into the philosophy of science, the nature of time, and the common pitfalls of causal reasoning.

Philosophy of Science & Logic

• Falcon, Andrea. “Aristotle on Causality.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (An excellent deep-dive into the nuances of Aristotelian teleology).

• Lewis, David. “Causation.” The Journal of Philosophy, 1973. (A modern classic on counterfactual dependence—the idea that “if A hadn’t happened, B wouldn’t have happened”).

• Reichenbach, Hans. The Direction of Time. University of California Press, 1956. (Examines the “Common Cause” principle and the asymmetry of cause and effect).

Critical Thinking & Statistical Literacy

• Huff, Darrell. How to Lie with Statistics. W. W. Norton & Company. (A classic text for identifying the Correlation vs. Causation fallacy in media).

• Pearl, Judea, and Dana Mackenzie. The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect. Basic Books, 2018. (A modern, accessible look at how “Causal Models” work in AI and science).

• Vigen, Tyler. Spurious Correlations. Hachette Books, 2015. (A visual and often humorous collection of statistically high—but logically non-existent—correlations).

Ethics & Causal Responsibility

• Anscombe, G.E.M. Intention. Harvard University Press, 1957. (Explores the causal link between human intention and action).

• Nissen, Lowell. Teleological Explanations in the Biological Sciences. (Examines how the “Final Cause” is still used in modern biology).