Works Cited & Recommended References

Works Cited

The following sources provided the primary frameworks for analyzing moral theories and their modern applications.

• Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Terence Irwin, Hackett Publishing, 1999. (The foundational text for Virtue Ethics and the Golden Mean).

• Crenshaw, Kimberlé. “Racial Profiling, Predictive Policing Algorithms, and Arguments From Fairness.” (Analysis of systemic bias in modern technology and Deontological duties).

• Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Edited by Mary Gregor, Cambridge University Press, 1998. (The primary source for the Categorical Imperative and Deontology).

• Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism. Edited by George Sher, Hackett Publishing, 2002. (The definitive text for the Greatest Happiness Principle).

• Stohr, Karen. “Virtue Ethics and the Cold-Hearted Benefactor.” Journal of Value Inquiry, 2003. (A critical look at the role of motive and emotion in ethical action).

• Vaughn, Lewis. The Power of Critical Thinking. 7th ed., Oxford University Press, 2021. (Source for the distinction between Morality vs. Law and the introduction to Ethical Relativism).

Recommended References

The following materials offer deeper explorations into feminist ethics, Eastern philosophy, and the complexities of applied morality.

Normative Ethical Theories

• Driver, Julia. Ethics: The Fundamentals. Blackwell Publishing. (An exceptionally clear introduction to Consequentialism, Kantianism, and Virtue Ethics).

• Shafer-Landau, Russ. The Fundamentals of Ethics. Oxford University Press. (A comprehensive guide to the “why” behind moral objectivism and the challenges of relativism).

Eastern & Care Ethics

• Confucius. The Analects. (Essential reading for understanding Ren (humaneness) and the role of social harmony in ethics).

• Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice. Harvard University Press. (The foundational text that sparked the development of Care Ethics).

• Noddings, Nel. Caring: A Relational Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. University of California Press. (Expands on the specific duties and relationships at the heart of Care Ethics).

Applied Ethics in the Modern World

• Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow. (Provides the sociological context for the ethical debate regarding Predictive Policing and racial justice).

• Singer, Peter. Practical Ethics. Cambridge University Press. (A rigorous application of Utilitarian logic to issues like poverty, animal rights, and reproductive choices).

• Thomson, Judith Jarvis. “A Defense of Abortion.” Philosophy & Public Affairs. (A famous thought experiment regarding bodily autonomy and rights).