50 End-of-Chapter Material
Additional Exercises
- What is the frequency of light if its wavelength is 1.00 m?
- What is the wavelength of light if its frequency is 1.00 s−1?
- What is the energy of a photon if its wavelength is 1.00 m?
- What is the energy of a photon if its frequency is 1.00 s−1?
- If visible light is defined by the wavelength limits of 400 nm and 700 nm, what is the energy range for visible light photons?
- Domestic microwave ovens use microwaves that have a wavelength of 122 mm. What is the energy of one photon of this microwave?
- Use the equation for the wavelengths of the lines of light in the H atom spectrum to calculate the wavelength of light emitted when n is 7 and 8.
- Use the equation for the wavelengths of the lines of light in the H atom spectrum to calculate the wavelengths of light emitted when n is 5 and 6.
- Make a table of all the possible values of the four quantum numbers when the principal quantum number n = 5.
- Make a table of all the possible values of mℓ and ms when ℓ = 4. What is the lowest value of the principal quantum number for this to occur?
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- Predict the electron configurations of Sc through Zn.
- From a source of actual electron configurations, determine how many exceptions there are from your predictions in part a.
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- Predict the electron configurations of Ga through Kr.
- From a source of actual electron configurations, determine how many exceptions there are from your predictions in part a.
- Recently, Russian chemists reported experimental evidence of element 117. Use the periodic table to predict its valence shell electron configuration.
- Bi (atomic number 83) is used in some stomach discomfort relievers. Using its place on the periodic table, predict its valence shell electron configuration.
- Which atom has a higher ionization energy (IE), O or P?
- Which atom has a higher IE, F or As?
- Which atom has a smaller radius, As or Cl?
- Which atom has a smaller radius, K or F?
- How many IEs does an H atom have? Write the chemical reactions for the successive ionizations.
- How many IEs does a Be atom have? Write the chemical reactions for the successive ionizations.
- Based on what you know of electrical charges, do you expect Na+ to be larger or smaller than Na?
- Based on what you know of electrical charges, do you expect Cl− to be larger or smaller than Cl?
Answers
- 3.00 × 108 s−1
- 1.99 × 10−22 J
- 4.97 × 10−19 J to 2.84 × 10−19 J
- 3.97 × 10−7 m and 3.89 × 10−7 m, respectively
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Table 8.8 All Possible Quantum Number Values When n = 5 ℓ mℓ ms 0 0 ½ or −½ 1 −1, 0, or 1 ½ or −½ 2 −2, −1, 0, 1, or 2 ½ or −½ 3 −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, or 3 ½ or −½ 4 −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 ½ or −½
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- The electron configurations are predicted to end in 3d1, 3d2, 3d3, 3d4, 3d5, 3d6, 3d7, 3d8, 3d9, and 3d10.
- Cr and Cu are exceptions.
- Element 117’s valence shell electron configuration should be 7s27p5.
- O
- Cl
- H has only one IE: H → H+ + e−
- smaller