Appendix 3: Glossary

the allowance between the male threads of a bolt and female threads of a nut and is the most common for cut threads

The grit that removes material by rubbing (grinding)

A circular saw which is typically used to cut hard material, such as metal, tile, and concrete with an abrasive disc.

how close a measured feature is to the intended dimension

where parts can be created by fusing powders in special machines one layer at a time until the finished part is created

the engineered difference from nominal, which allows parts to function as necessary.

Blades designed to cut ferrous material that are composed of abrasive grains bonded with aluminum oxide.

a private, non-profit organization that manages the U.S. voluntary standards and conformity assessment system

It is an international organization that develops voluntary consensus standards for a wide range of industries

a not-for-profit organization that promotes engineering and related sciences

The process of using milling cutters to create angled features on a workpiece.

The process of executing simple indexing based on desired angles rather than fractions of a rotation.

a process used on hardened parts where the material is softened

is a private, non-profit organization that oversees the development and implementation of voluntary consensus standards for various industries and sectors in the United States.

standard establishes the requirements and performance criteria for eye and face protection devices used in occupational and educational settings

The component of a lathe that attaches to the underneath of the carriage and houses the mechanisms for power feeding.

The shaft that the grinding wheel mounts on.

are spring-loaded tools used to create center punch marks.

see blanchard

A spring loaded ball, that when depressed, allows the tip of an oil can to to lube points of machine tools.

The bottom feature of a piece of machinery, often attached to the floor.

A long structural component of a lathe that supports the other major components.The ways are on the top of the bed.

refers to using hand tools to fabricate a part.

Best practices are procedures agreed upon within an organization to standardize information, also referred to as standard operating procedures

Two different metals bonded together to share physical properties. The carbon steel provides the toughness, and the high speed steel provides the hard cutting edge.

a comprehensive list of all the materials, parts, components, and sub-assemblies needed to manufacture or build a product as depicted in an engineering drawing

is a large piece of stock that does not need to be cut down before machining

the distance from the smooth back of the sawblade to the front of the teeth.

Grinding with a rotating magnetic table to remove large amounts of material from a surface.

The process of systematically cutting the six sides of a block square to one another.

Using blocks to keep the part from moving around

The section of a rotational cutting tool located between the shank and the tip.

The relieved portion of the body that keeps the tool from rubbing during the machining process.

A cutting operation that uses a single point cutting tool (boring bar) to produce an internal conical, or cylindrical feature by enlarging an existing opening in a workpiece.

See Bore

Cutting tools that are designed for boring operations.

A tool that is used to create bored holes on machines that utilize revolving cutters.

Too much heat from the wheel is going into the part. Increase feed to resolve.

A very hard material that can cut more aggressively, but is brittle.

steel that is comprised of two elements, iron, and carbon. used for cutting tools, springs, wrenches, and other types of equipment.

The component of a lathe that attaches to the bed and provides an attachment point for the cross slide.

parts created by pouring molten metal into a form and allowing it to solidify

A device that is used to support work on the rotational axis.

A tool used to create a countersunk seat for a support center on the tailstock.

A device used to locate the position of features on a workpiece.

thin, long-short-long lines that indicate the centers of symmetrical objects, arcs, and holes.

The process of cutting an angle on the sharp square corner of a part. The sloped or angled edge between two connecting surfaces of a part. It can be used on either an internal or external edge. The taper placed on the top, inside of a tap drilled hole that facilitates the formation of a complete thread.

A vibration in the machining process caused by a lack of rigidity, incorrect spindle speed, or incorrect feed rate.

The line at the center of the drill tip that connects one cutting edge to the other.

Cap Head Shoulder Bolt. This is a common description of bolts used in assemblies.

A device used to secure work in a machine shop.

A vertical component of machinery that extends from the base to other components.

is the process of combining a fuel and oxygen and then adding an ignition source

The component of a lathe that attaches to the cross slide and provides an attachment point for the tool post.

CAD is a tool that allows engineers to use the advanced technology of software based design to create digital models that can be transmitted electronically to manufacturers across the globe.

CAM software used by CNC programmers to create tool paths that are translated into G-Code and posted to machines, which ultimately create the part.

The shape is that of a bowl right-side up

cone shaped, such as an ice cream cone.

A circular, blind hole with a flat bottom. Sometimes used to recess the head of a fastener so that it does not sit above the face of the part.

The process of making a counterbore. See counterbore

A conical feature at the top of a hole used to recess the head of a fastener so that it does not sit above the face of the part.

A tool used to create a conical recess at the top of a hole.

The process of using a countersink to create a conical recess at the top of a hole.

The top flat surface of a thread.

The component of a lathe that attaches to the carriage and provides an attachment point for the compound rest.

The resulting surface finish where two sets of parallel lines intersect.

The short movement in and out along the Z axis.

remove material by creating a chip. This is in contrast to form threading

The edge at the end of a flute that creates the chip during the cutting process.

thick, dashed lines that run through the inside of an object to show where an imaginary cut has been made

zero reference to measure from

how many digits after the decimal the machinist needs to take into consideration when measuring a dimension

The amount a cutting tool is engaged in the material as measured along an axis perpendicular to the cutting axes.

graphical representations that provide specific and comprehensive information about an individual component, part, or section of a larger product, structure, or system.

provides a close-up of a selected section of a larger view.

a saw blade with diamond segments along the cutting edge. Used to cut hard material, it grinds through the material instead of cutting.

A tool with an industrial diamond attached to the end of a bar and is used to perform severe grinding wheel dressing

Correlates a specific dimension to a simple numbering system that is used to complete FAIs and In Process Checks

the numerical value assigned to a part size, shape or feature.

The process of indexing that uses the larger increments of the direct indexing plate, Often in course angular increments.

an inspection instrument that provides numerical values or readings of a feature when measured

A lever that allows the operator to put the indexing head into a neutral state for ease of movement.

The process of rotating a workpiece in precise increments. See also indexing

cutting edges are created by a criss cross pattern on the face of the file which creates a more aggressive pattern designed for maximum material removal and not for a smooth finish

A bar that pulls tools, or tool holding devices, into a machine taper.

A finish file technique where the file is placed perpendicular to the direction of draw and pulled accross the stock.

the designated area within the drawing sheet where the graphical representation of the component, part, or assembly is created.

a grinding wheel maintenance task where the surface of the grinding wheel is restored to improve performance.

A device used to easily hold hole making tools.

a tool that aligns the drill/tap perpendicular to the surface of the stock material

A simple work holding device used on a drill press.

The process of using a twist drill to create a hole.

remnants of the original stock that are too short to be used for the intended purpose

The process of using an edge finder to accurately locate features.

A milling tool that performs side milling, slotting, pocketing, and various other cutts.

A tool holding device that utilizes an accurate bore and set screw to secure tools.

are usually made of aluminum which has been heated and forced through a die, giving the stock its finished shape.

A milling tool used to cut large flat features perpendicular to the table.

The process of using a face mill to create a flat top surface on a milling machine.

A flat plate installed on the spindle nose for holding nontraditional shaped work.

A term used on the lathe to describe the cutting across the end of a workpiece to make it flat, or to describe cutting the top of a part flat on a mill.

Cutting tools that are designed with clearances for facing and turning operations.

The rate at which a machine axis is moving. Often expressed in inches per minute (IPM).

A rod that transmits power from the quick change gearbox to the apron for power feeding purposes.

Material containing iron

tools made from hardened steel with small cutting edges designed to remove material in small slivers called filings.

a brush designed to clean the cutting edges on files by brushing away filings.

The amount of material that is intentionally left after roughing operations, for finishing passes.

a simple and fundamental concept used to understand the three essential components required for a fire to occur and sustain itself; fuel, heat, and oxygen

device that has two legs that are held together by friction.

Also known as European Projection, the object is placed in the first quadrant, top-right, of a right-handed coordinate system, and the projection planes are stated between the observer and the object.

A FAI is a production validation process that verifies that a new or modified production process produces conforming parts

Clamps that utilize the tee slots of machine tables as anchors for securing work.

a flammable liquid is any liquid having a flashpoint at or below 199.4 °F (93 °C) is any liquid having a flashpoint at or below 199.4 °F (93 °C)

The load bearing angled surfaces of a thread between the root and the crest.

The portion of the body that allows the chips to flow away from the cut.

A support component that is used to brace the outside of the work at the point of tool contact when turning long flexible workpieces.

A support component that is used when indexing long flexible workpieces.

are parts which have been formed by extreme pressure sandwiching a hot piece of metal between two tool steel dies, giving it a specific shape, such as a mechanics wrench.

does not cut the material but instead forms or pushes the material by exerting forces against the material

A tool that is used to cut a specific shape on a part, often in a single linear cut. The tool is made to be the inverse of the shape required on the part.

A work holding device that uses four independently moving jaws to grip material.

is a specific type of measuring equipment that is primarily used to measure a single quantity or attribute

Mechanical components that transmit rotation and power.

Globally Harmonized System is an international approach to hazard communication, providing agreed criteria for classification of chemical hazards, and a standardized approach to label elements and safety data sheets.

when the grinding wheel builds up material, and becomes too smooth to grind efficiently

Please look for related terms in the Glossary

a manual measuring gage of two different sizes. One size is the largest size which should fit and another which is is just above the tolerance zone and will not fit a feature. They do not tell you the size of a feature, just that the feature is within tolerance

A scale or series of lines representing the change in dimension.

refers to the hardness of the abrasive bond on the grinding wheel

see grit. also known as grit

relates to the size of the individual grain of the abrasive found in grinding wheels

The process of cutting a groove on the lathe.

Cutting tools that are designed for internal grooving operations.

Cutting tools that are designed for grooving operations.

The gap between the blades cutting teeth

a manual saw designed for cutting tough materials such as metals using a back and forth cutting action

A lever that engages the apron with the lead screw during threading operations.

a potential source of harm or adverse health effect. Hazards are an inherent byproduct of many manufacturing processes which must be consistently and deliberately managed to prevent workplace injury.

is a workplace safety program designed to educate employees about the potential hazards of chemicals and how to safely handle, use, and store them

Short for Hazardous Materials, refers to substances or materials that pose a risk to human health, the environment, or property due to their inherent physical, chemical, or biological properties.

The component of a machine that contains the spindle.

The component at the far left of the lathe bed. It contains the spindle and the gears for speed changes.

The relief on the tip of a rotational tool directly behind the cutting edge.

feature lines which are not visible from the viewing plane and are represented by a broken or dashed line.

a hazard communication system developed by the National Paint & Coatings Association (NPCA) to provide consistent hazard ratings for chemicals used in the workplace

a machine that uses a thin metal strip moving in a loop with cutting teeth on the edge, oriented parallel to the floor using gravity to cut material.

inside diameter

The movement of the grinding wheel being lowered into the material to make a cut along the Y axis.

are routine checks performed during production to ensure that the product quality is met.

The process of rotating a workpiece in precise increments. See also dividing

The lever the operator turns in order to rotate an indexing head.

The pin that is placed into the holes of the indexing plates during the positioning process.

A plate with a set, or sets, of predetermined hole patterns used as a template for indexing.

The shaft that connects the indexing crank to the worm gear.

A pinch point where the grinding wheel is near the material. The “in” side will pull anything into it.

a measurement performed on an inside feature of a part.

is a piece of equipment with a calibrated size that is used to check other pieces of inspection equipment.

an independent, non-governmental organization that creates voluntary, consensus-based international standards

a self-holding taper used for light-duty applications to secure a drill chuck to an arbor.

the amount of material removed by saw blade when making a cut

The component of a milling machine that attaches to the column and provides an attachment point for the saddle.

The process of impressing revolving grooved wheels into the surface of a part. The material is displaced to create a pattern of straight, or diamond-shaped raised ridges on a metal workpiece.

Cutting tools that are designed for knurling operations. See Knurling.

A device that is bolted to work held between centers in order to transmit rotational force.

the process for placing part feature markings onto the surface of the stock the part will be made from

a contrasting color used to provide a solid color base layer on which layout lines are scribed

The amount a thread moves an object axially during a single rotation.

An acme screw that transmits power from the quick change gearbox to the apron for threading purposes.

continuous line that connects a feature in a drawing to text

Blocks that have an electronic field in which to hold parts while grinding

Blocks with an angled shape and an electronic field in which to hold parts while grinding

The actual size of the largest diameter of a thread.

The small raised section of the drill body that creates the diameter and stabilizes the tool in the cut.

a gage that measures small distances

A primary precision work holding device used on a milling machine.

The actual size of the smallest diameter of a thread.

a self-holding taper used in a variety of applications including: reamers, drill bits, mill holders, collets, and lathe centers.

The component of a machine that provides the power for machining operations.

NIOSH is a research agency within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which is part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIOSH conducts research and provides recommendations aimed at preventing workplace-related injuries, illnesses, and hazards. NIOSH's work informs the development of OSHA standards and policies.

Non Conforming Material. This identification is used on setup parts to clearly show that the material einging used is not intended for the customer.

On a manual mill, the nod is when the head is tiped forward, or back along the Y axis.

The general size that identifies a thread.

dimension refers to the standard or intended size, value, or dimension of a component or part without considering variations or deviations that may occur due to manufacturing processes or other factors

Material without iron

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a federal agency under the United States Department of Labor. Its primary responsibility is to set and enforce standards for workplace safety and health. OSHA's role includes inspecting workplaces, providing training and educational resources, and implementing regulations to prevent workplace injuries, illnesses, and fatalities.

Outside diameter

A small reservoir that gradually gravity feeds oil to components during the operation of machine tools.

An oiling mechanism that provides lubrication to multiple points on a machine tool in a single application.

A means of representing a three dimensional drawing in two dimensions for the purpose of feature identification

A pinch point where the grinding wheel is near the material. The “out” side will push anything away from it.

a measurement performed on the outside of a part.

primary dimensions that define the overall size of the part in terms of length, width, and depth.

refers to the relationship between two items, such as a layout line and the edge of the stock, which extend in the same direction.

A device used to accurately elevate work from precision surfaces.

Cutting tools that are designed for parting operations.

The process of cutting a finished part from bar length material on a lathe.

the distance from one tooth to the next. exspressed as 1/TPI.

The theoretical diameter where the widths of the threads and the grooves are equal.

The process of using an end mill to cut recessed features on the face of a workpiece.

form tools with conical ends designed to be struck with a hammer, leaving a dimple on the stock material

A device that applies a consistent mechanized rate to the movement of machine tools.

The process of using the spindle power of a machine tool to drive a tap into the workpiece.

Personal Protective Equipment is specialized clothing, equipment, or devices designed to protect individuals from potential hazards, injuries, or health risks in the workplace or other environments

the process of being exact or accurate

fundamental pictorial views utilized to illustrate the most information about the part.

A part of the powertrain that aids in transmitting power from the motor to the spindle.

a tool that is designed to be struck with a hammer

any object that can be used to push parts through the saw instead of fingers.

An internal gearbox that contains a combination of gears necessary for power feed operations on a lathe.

A modern standard in tool holding. Allows the operator to quickly and repeatedly change tools during the machining process.

The telescoping component on machine tools that allows for easy hole making procedures.

A mechanism that allows for a maximum depth to be set for the quill movement.

The process of using milling cutters to create radius features on a workpiece.

The component of a milling machine that sits on top of the column and provides an attachment point for the head.

A tool that creates a hole of increased diametral tolerance to that of twist drills.

The process of using a reamer to create a precision diameter in a hole.

A significant concave, or undercut feature of the grinding wheel

A surface grinding machine that moves the workpiece back and forth beneath the grinding wheel.

A shank that has a diameter smaller than the tool, allowing a large tool to be held in devices that traditionally wouldn't have capacity.

A slight concave shape of the grinding wheel

the smallest increment of measurement in a numerical value or measurement

A process performed to verify a grinding wheel is not structurally damaged. It requires suspending the wheel loosely on a screw driver and rapping the side of the wheel with a hard-plastic handle. It should be a high-pitched ring note. If not, the wheel has a crack in it and should not be used.

An antiquated style of tool holding device that uses a rocking motion to position the height of the tool.

The surface at the bottom of the groove of a thread.

A rotary table is a mechanical device designed to rotate a workpiece around a vertical axis. A vise can be mounted on top of the table to allow for circular, and angled cuts.

The centrical force acting radially on a wheel when first turned on

It's the arithmetic average of the heights of the microscopic peaks and valleys across a surface

Runout is the total variation that the reference surface can have when the part is rotated around the datum's true axis.

The component of a milling machine that attaches to the knee and provides an attachment point for the table.

A file with sides that lack cutting teeth and prevents damaging adjacent surfaces while filing.

The distance between two adjacent cutting teeth on a saw blade

A grinding wheel may fracture leaving a jagged edge that will leave scratches on the part.

a tool with a sharp point used to scratch lines during layout operations

Safety Data Sheets, formerly known as Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), are essential documents that provide comprehensive information about hazardous chemicals or substances.

The process of tapping a part downward into a vise in order to eliminate gaps in setup components.

a section view is a view perspective in relation to the cutting plane lines drawn through a part.

is a portion of an industry that allows for the ability to segregate information.

A time savings and accuracy device used during simple indexing that eliminates the need to count the holes of the indexing plate for each division.

a term used to explain a lower level of detail in manufacturing processes.

The section of a tool that is gripped by tool holding devices.

the profile of the grinding wheel

The process of using the side of an end mill to cut vertical surfaces.

A small circular window into a gearbox located at the correct oil level. This allows the operator to see the level of oil at a glance.

A synthetic abrasive manufactured through the fusion of high grade silica sand and finely ground carbon used to cut non ferrous materials.

the fine material that comes off of the part and mixes with the coolant.

The process of indexing that uses the smaller increments of the simple indexing plates. This process is based on revolving the work in fractions of a full rotation.

has a single row of cutting teeth much like a saw blade and they remove material in a less aggressive manner than the double cut files.

a measuring tool used to measure inside, outside and depth dimensions utilizing a set of measuring surfaces attached to two different mechanisms which have a sliding relationship to one another.

The process of a slitting saw to create thin narrow cut features on a workpiece.

A milling tool that is used to create thin linear cuts with circular saw blades.

The process of using an end mill to cut long narrow features.

The powered rotational component of a machine tool.

A device that is used to secure the spindle from moving during machining operations.

The rate at which a spindle is rotating. Often expressed in rotations per minute (RPM).

A tool used to create an initial divot for hole making procedures.

A tool holding device that utilizes the flexibility and collapse of the device under force to secure tools.

A layout tool used to create straight lines in relation to the stock's edge

A tool holding device that is capable of holding multiple tools as well as the ability to easily cycle between them.

A support component that is used to hold the outside of the work when turning long flexible workpieces.

is the term used by machinists when referencing the beginning material size and composition before work has begun to form it into the finished product

a precision ground tool that has a more accurate edge than a ruler

A shank that is of constant uniform diameter.

When the part is cut, or ground, it can release the stress in the part. This will cause the part to bend.

Subtractive manufacturing is various material removal processes that start with solid blocks, bars, rods of plastic, metal, or other materials that are shaped by removing material through cutting, boring, drilling, and grinding.

a tool used to measure the surface texture of a part. It can outout the actual roughness average measured on a part.

The scratches left behind after a machining operation

The maximum diameter that can be turned on a lathe.

The component where material or a work holding device is placed, on a machine tool.

A support component that is used to hold the end of the work with a center when turning long flexible workpieces. Also used for performing hole making operations.

a file is the part designed for attaching a handle

A tool that creates internal threads.

the first series of threaded lands at the beginning of the tap

The proper size drill bit for a tap

the space between tap lands that provide a space for cut chips to accumulate during the tapping operation

the location on a tap where cutting edges are ground and they create the chip by slicing the material away

A shank that has a specific precision diameter deviation.

The process of cutting conical tapered features on the lathe.

The process of using a tap to create threads in a hole.

requires measuring equipment to be ten times more accurate than the dimension being measured

the 3D object is seen to be in the 3rd quadrant. It is positioned below and behind the viewing planes, the planes are transparent, and each view is pulled onto the plane closest to it. The front plane of projection is seen to be between the observer and the object.

a tool used to create external threads on a cylindrical workpiece, such as bar stock or a pipe

Also called a Pitch Micrometer, this is a special purpose micrometer used to measure the pitch diameter of threads.

The distance a fastener advances with one rotation. For a single start thread, it is the distance between thread tips.

the tool used to create internal threads.

The action of creating internal threads in a drilled hole

A set of three identical precision wires used to measure the pitch diameter with a regular micrometer.

A fixed gage used to check internal thread size. Generally used in a set, one go, one no-go.

A fixed gage used to check external thread size. Generally used in a set, one go, one no-go.

The process of cutting threads on the lathe.

Cutting tools that are designed for internal threading operations.

A device that allows the operator to precisely time the engagement of the half nut lever during threading operations.

Cutting tools that are designed for threading operations.

TPI, The number of threads in one inch of length measured along the thread.

A work holding device that uses three simultaneously moving jaws to grip material.

The principle of having a minimum of three teeth of the saw blade engauged in the material

a section of a drawing that has information that pertains to the entire set of drawings

the accepted amount of variation between part measured dimensions and the nominal dimension from the print.

The component of a lathe that attaches to the compound rest and provides an attachment point for the cutting tools.

an adjustable platform that is used to support the part during grinding

The process or processes of setting up a cutting tool on a machine tool.

the deliberate bending of the tooth to the left and right of the blade creating an offset from one tooth to the next on a saw blade

the process of bringing the grinding wheel down to the top of the part without hitting the part

When the head of a manual mill is set up perpendicularly to both the X, and Y axis.

The process of bringing the head of a manual mill to be perpendicular to both the X, and Y axis.

a tool that is designed to be struck with a hammer and transfer the hole's center point onto stock material

Running a diamond tool across the wheel to ensure that the wheel is turning in a circular pattern

The process of using a turning tool to cut parallel to the rotational axis of the lathe.

A tool used to create a hole.

a machine that uses a thin metal strip moving in a loop with cutting teeth on the edge, oriented perpendicular to the floor, and needs to have the material pushed into the sawblade.

Irregular patterns in the finish from a wheel that has not been trued up.

A specific lubricating oil that is applied to the ways of machine tools.

The precision metal surfaces that machine axes ride on.

The material that exists from the flute on one side of a tool to the flute on the other.

the complete quantity of units we are measuring such as an inch or a millimeter

The process or processes of setting up the material on a machine tool.

the process of securing and holding a workpiece firmly in place during various machining operations

The speed at which the grinding wheel passes over a workpiece traveling left to right along the X axis.

A gear that is a tight helix around a shaft, similar to an external thread.

A gear designed to mesh with a worm gear. It looks similar to a spur gear.

A metal fitting used to lubricate machinery with grease.