Physiology of the Skeletal System

The primary functions of the skeleton are to provide a rigid, internal structure that can support the weight of the body against the force of gravity, protect internal organs, and move the body with the help of muscles.^[1]

Synovial joints provide most of the movement of the body when bones and muscles work together at these joints. Movements created by synovial joints include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation.

neurovasculature refers to the combined network of nerves and blood vessels that supply bones, joints, muscles, and surrounding connective tissues. This term emphasizes the interdependent nature of the nervous and vascular systems in supporting skeletal health and function.

Key Features of Neurovasculature in the Skeletal System:

1. Nerves:
   • Provide sensory input from the skeletal structures, such as pain, pressure, and stretch signals.
   • Play a role in motor control by regulating muscle activity that moves and stabilizes bones.
   • Most skeletal nerves are found in the periosteum (outer layer of bone), surrounding muscles, and joints.
2. Blood Vessels:
   • Arteries, veins, and capillaries deliver nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to bone tissue.
   • They support bone remodeling by transporting essential materials for the activity of osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells).
   • Blood vessels also facilitate the removal of metabolic waste products from bone tissue.

Functions of Neurovasculature:

• Bone Growth and Repair: Blood vessels deliver the necessary nutrients and oxygen for bone growth and healing after fractures or injuries.
• Joint Health: Neurovasculature supports joint capsules, ligaments, and cartilage by maintaining their structure and function.
• Regulation of Bone Metabolism: Through hormonal signaling and neural inputs, the neurovasculature contributes to maintaining bone density and strength.

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In addition to providing support and movements of the body, the skeleton has protective and storage functions. It protects the internal organs, including the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, and pelvic organs. The bones of the skeleton serve as the primary storage site for important minerals such as calcium and phosphate. Additionally, the bone marrow found within bones stores fat and houses the blood-cell producing tissue of the body.^[2]