Appendix 1: Glossary

American Bureau of Shipping

The streams of high-pressurized compressed air act as a blower to push the molten dross, sparks, and material to be removed, away from the cutting area. This not only was more efficient but allowed the workers to increase their speed and expand the process to flat positions as well.

A change in the crystal structure of a metal, i.e. from Body Centered Cubic to Face Centered Cubic.

A unique chemical composition that creates a metal with specific properties

An element that is added during the creation of metal at a foundary that provides the chemical composition needed to create the desired metal alloy.

Alternating current (AC) is an electric current that is constantly changing polarity, from direct current electrode positive to direct current electrode negative, many times per second. In North America this change happens at 60 Hertz, or 60 cycles per second.

An element that is a metal in its solid form. Used for its high strength to weight ratio.

An agency that regulates PPE and job safety standards; however, they cannot enforce the requirements, whereas OSHA can because it is law.

The American Welding Society is a non-profit organization established for the purpose of “Advancing the science, technology, and application of welding and allied joining and cutting processes worldwide, including brazing, soldering and thermal spraying.” (ref. https://www.aws.org/about/page/home)

An amp is a measure of electrical power. Amperage is a measure of the volume of electrical power in an electric current, as determined by the number of electrons flowing in the current.

An amp is a measure of electrical power. Amperage is a measure of the volume of electrical power in an electric current, as determined by the number of electrons flowing in the current.

A powered hand tool that uses an abrasive disc for cutting or grinding.

American National Standards Institute an agency, similar to OSHA, that regulates PPE and job safety standards. Unlike OSHA, ANSI cannot enforce requirements.

American Petroleum Institute

An arc is the part of an electric current that passes through the air or other atmosphere between two conductors, and appears as a bright light.

Arc length is the distance the arc must jump through the atmosphere and is measured from the end of the welding electrode to the surface of the weld pool.

The creation of arcs with a welding electrode. Arc strikes typically mean arcs with the base material in an unintended location outside of the of the weld joint. Arc strikes are typically short and thin almost like striking a match.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Welding with no added filler material

Autogenous Welding is creating welds without filler metal

in automated welding all aspects of the welding process are pre-programmed into an automatic welding machine, typically a CNC robotic arm. The machine can weld without the constant observation and intervention of a human operator

process that adds filler metal in the form of a continuous wire that is mechanically fed into the molten weld

American Welding Society

the process in which the root of a joint is carved away via CAC-A from the backside.

Base metal is the material being assembled to form the weldment, upon which the weld is made. An older term for base metal is parent metal.

A method for giving linear dimensions in technical drawings in which many linear dimensions will pull from a single baseline reference or zero point. If this method of dimensioning is used it can be recognized by the lack of dimension lines, baseline dimensions will be carried on an extension line.

A destructive test used to determine the quality of a weld during quality testing.

A bevel is a preparatory cut made on the edge of a workpiece to increase the size and improve the penetration of a groove weld. Bevels can be cut in various shapes, but they all remove base metal from the weld area, making room for more filler metal to be deposited deeper into the weld joint's thickness

craftspersons that use heat and hammering to fashion objects such as tools from metals, usually iron or steel. The term comes from the fact wrought iron objects oxidized to a black color.

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

A process where the base material does not melt but the filler metal does melt. Brazing is similar to soldering but is performed at a higher temperature than soldering.

Extra heavy c-clamp that requires a wrench to tighten.

When the weld current is high in relation to the voltage being set low, resulting in the welding arc 'burying' into the puddle resulting in a deeper penetration

First, second, and third-degree damage done to the body due to heat or chemicals. The severity varies. Symptoms of first-degree burns are typically discomfort and redness at the burn site; second-degree burns are typically indicated by pain, redness, and blistering of the skin, while third-degree burns have destroyed the skin and underlying tissues. This degree of burns may be charred and have no sense of feeling.

Capacitance is the resistance to a change in voltage while inductance is the resistance to a change in current.

Capillary action is when liquid flows into narrow or small spaces with no force acting against it.

Carbon Arc Cutting and gouging is an arc cutting process that allows varying amounts of metal to be removed from a metal area using a carbon electrode. It is now used in conjunction with compressed air, but this has only been a relatively recent addition.

an obsolete type of welding that creates an electric arc between two carbon electrodes

Carbon steel is any of the various steel alloys whose primary chemical elements are iron and carbon in varying amounts.

Excessive fuel, cooler burning

A part of your life devoted to a trade or other profession where you grow your knowledge and skill into something you can be proud of

A piece of metal that has been formed by pouring liquid metal into a mold. Casting can also refer to the mold used itself.

Cubic feet per hour

A destructive test used to determine the quality of a weld during qualification testing. A specimen is tested at a specified temperature and dimensions to determine how much energy is absorbed in the specimen when being struck with a hammer in a pendulum motion.

A small hammer with a chisel-like blade for removing slag from completed welds. Also called a slag ax.

An alloy consisting of the elements chromium and molybdenum.

An alloying element that is added to steel to provide corrosion resistance.

A circuit is the path an electric current takes through a conductor.

Clause - A section or chapter in an AWS Standard such as D1.1.

Used in this book as shorthand for welding codes which are documents that specify the requirements for welding. Codes become mandatory when included in contracts, by law, or other legal mandate.

a weld made to the specifications of a welding code

a group of individuals, typically subject matter experts, who use their experience and knowledge to help develop consensus documents such as codes and standards

refers to a groove weld where the weld metal has penetrated through the entire material thickness of one or both joint members

Complete joint penetration means that the weld penetrates the base material from one side to the other, in other words the weld bead(s) have been laid down from one side of the base material and built up until they reach the other side of the base material.

a number with a real and imaginary part. These numbers are used in processing Ultrasound images. The actual processing of the images is beyond the scope of this book but it is worth pointing them out since they appear in the display screen of the UT equipment.

Compressed air is air that has been pressurized to a pressure greater than the atmosphere. Compressed air is made up of the same gasses in the atmosphere, so it shouldn't be confused with oxygen or other pressurized gasses.

A conductor is any material that has enough excess electrons with weak bonds that allow the electrons to flow from one atom to another.

Constant current is a form of welding power in which the amperage is set on the welding machine and the voltage is controlled manually by manipulating the arc length. As voltage increases during welding, amperage will decrease, and vice versa. Constant current is used with manual welding processes like SMAW and GTAW.

Constant voltage is a form of welding welding power in which the voltage is set on the welding machine. The machine then tries to maintain a specific voltage and therefore a specific arc length during welding. The amperage is automatically adjusted by the welding machine based on the wire-feed speed and the distance of the welding gun to the workpiece. Constant voltage is used with semi-automatic welding processes like GMAW and FCAW.

A weld that goes the entire length of the weld joint.

A written legal agreement between two parties.

A method for giving linear dimensions in technical drawings. In this method two extension and dimension lines are used. Each dimension pulls from one reference point and goes to another.

For welding, a group that oversees research and development in topic areas that have been challenging to the welding industry. The Welding Research Council is an example of a welding council.

a weight that adds balance to a mechanical device, such as an aerial lift.

A long, typically thin defect, that is much much longer than it is wide. Cracks propogate to become longer.

Cracks that usually occur in a depression or crater at the end of a weld bead and radiate from the center of the crater out

The area of an object or weldment of the surface that is created when it is cut. When you cut a piece of butter off of a stick of butter, the cross sectional area is a square if you cut it perpendicularly straight up and down.

With electricity, current is the measure of electrons moving though a conductor over a given period of time, typically per second. Measured in Amperes or Amps for short.

Defects are discontinuities such as tears, slag inclusions, and porosity, that are larger than the acceptable sizes listed in the applicable code.

Deoxidizers are chemical elements (such as silicon) added to filler metals and fluxes for the purpose of removing contaminants (such as sulfur and phosphorus) from the molten weld pool during welding.

Deoxidizing and denitrifying are accomplished by the addition of certain elements, like aluminum and magnesium, to the welding flux. In the molten weld puddle these elements bond with nitrogen and oxygen present in the weld area which prevents the formation of nitrides and oxides in the completed weld, which can impact the integrity of the weld

The act of adding (depositing) metal into a weld joint. Deposition sometimes refers to the deposition rate or amount of deposition per unit time.

The act of removing salt from sea water to make it potable.

A name or identification that is known to the welding industry through standards such as “E-7018” electrodes or a “1F” welding position.

Destructive examination involves the destruction of a weldment to determine its mechanical properties and/or visually inspect a cross sectional area of the weld. Because destructive tests destroy the weldment, destructive tests are only performed on weldments made for qualification purposes.

The physical cutting and altering of a test specimen to conduct a test. Test differ from examination in that a trained professional will interpret the test results to come to conclusions in an examination.

An angle that describes the relationship between two external surfaces on the base material in a weld joint.

Direct current is an electric current that always flows in one direction.

Direct current electrode negative is a type of direct current in which the welding electrode is set as the negative pole from which the electrons are emitted. Also called direct current straight polarity (DCSP).

Direct current electrode positive is a type of direct current in which the workpiece/base metal is set as the negative pole from which the electrons are emitted. Also called direct current reverse polarity (DCRP).

A change in the base material that makes the base material non continuous in its nature.

Deformed from heat

Reduces operating pressure in two steps

Unwanted byproduct of molten metal, this material can stick to the bottom the metal being cut.

Destructive Testing

Ductility is how well a material can be manipulated by drawing, as in drawing metal into wire

Duty Cycle is a measure of how robust a welding machine is, and is determined by what percentage of time a welder can operate at a certain amperage in a ten minute period.

a preparative cut made on the edge of material to improve weld penetration and size

Welding that uses the heat of electricity across an arc to melt the metal being welded

Electrical stickout is the distance the wire electrode extends past the contact tip before engaging with the work. Can often be referred to as electrode stickout or just stickout. Stickout is commonly abbreviated as CTWD, or Contact Tip to Work Distance, on welding documentation.

An electrode is the part of a welding system that conducts electricity and produces the arc.

A material that conducts electricity that is part of a welding circuit that supplies energy to the welding arc. Electrodes are consumable materials or not intended to be consumed (tungsten electrodes).

An electrode holder is a device designed to hold and conduct electricity to the electrode. It is designed to be durable and resist the heat of welding, as well as allow the welder to hold it without coming in contact with any live electrical components. Often called a stinger or a torch.

The electrode lead is the cable that connects the welding machine to the electrode holder.

the conditions of the place where a weldment or fabrication is

variables identified by a welding code that are vital to a successful weld

A person with a high level of information about a particular technology or process.

Fabrication, especially metal fabrication, is the entire process of building something out of metal. It can involve operations such as laying out dimensions on stock material, cutting, shaping, and forming the material, fitting and tacking parts together, weld out of assembled parts, and any finishing operations such as surface preparation or machining. A fabricator is a person or company who specializes in taking a project from stock material to finished product.

An object that a tradesperson such as a welder has made using their skills

Fall protection is to prevent workers from falling from any height. It could take the shape of braces and harnesses, or it could be guard rails and warning signs in and around areas where floors are weak or where there might be an open hole in a floor or building. OSHA requires employers to provide fall protection in any situation where an employee could be harmed in a fall.

The surface where two pieces of metal come in contact with each other.

acronym for flux cored arc welding

Gas shielded flux-core is a form of the FCAW process which requires an external shielding gas in addition to the shielding provided by the flux to properly protect the molten weld puddle from atmospheric gasse

Self shielded flux-core is a form of the FCAW process in which all necessary shielding is provided by the powdered flux within the wire. Making the addition of an external shielding gas unnecessary to protect the molten weld puddle from atmospheric gasses

A metal where iron is the main base consituent.

Filler metal is the external metal being added to the weld during welding.

a type of weld that joins two pieces of metal together when they are at an angle or perpendicular to each other

Fitting is the process of assembling the parts of a weldment. It involves accurately positioning parts according to the blueprints and tack welding them in place, as well as adjusting part dimensions if necessary. A fitter is someone trained to accurately assemble the parts of a weldment.

A fixture is a tool used to hold the parts of a weldment in place for fit up or welding. A fixture can be as simple as a piece of angle iron used to fit up a 90o corner or as complex as a fixture table equipped with a variety of clamps, dogs, and part holders. You may hear a fixture also called a "jig".

is a sunburn-like burn to the skin and eyes that occurs by the light and heat of a welding arc.

Flux is a powdered mixture of chemicals designed to benefit the weld by forming shielding gas and slag to protect the weld, providing alloying elements to make the weld stronger, using deoxidizers to remove contaminants from the weld, and providing fluxing agents to help the weld wet into the base metal.

Flux cored arc welding is a semi-automatic welding process that uses a tubular wire electrode filled with flux that is fed from a wire feeder through a welding gun. Depending on the type of flux, this process may or may not require an external shielding gas.

Welding that has a hollow continuous filler metal filled with flux. This flux protects the molten weld pool from that atmosphere and may also contain alloying elements

Welding that uses a flame heat source, often coal or coke, then physically forcing the the parts to bond by beating them with a hammer

vapors released by chemicals

Welding that melts the base metals together, bonding them at the molecular level.

Gas metal arc welding is a semi-automatic welding process that uses a solid wire electrode fed from a wire feeder through a welding gun. This process does not use flux and therefore requires an external shielding gas.

Gas tungsten arc welding is a manual welding process that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the welding arc. A separate filler metal in rod form is added to the weld pool by hand. This process does not use flux and therefore requires an external shielding gas.

Globular transfer mode is named such because of how the wire melts off the end of the consumable wire. As the welding wire melts, it forms a large glob like droplet that are 2-3xs the size of the wire diameter.

acronym for gas metal arc welding

A formal complaint that is typically filed with an organization.

An angular measurement between the faces of two edge preparations

A preparation or opening between two workpieces that provides space for weld metal to be deposited

a knob that secures the rear end of the welding "gun" or whip into the machine.

A half of a c-clamp that is tacked to a seam so that the main body and the clamping screw are on opposite sides of the joint, allowing precise alignment.

brave acts in the face of danger

A hoist is a device used for lifting loads off the ground, usually by means of chain or rope wrapped around drums or pulleys.

work done on a job site that produces sparks or other means of accidentally starting fires

A system of measurment in which the units are broken up into feet, inches, and franctions of an inch.

used to describe the weldment after it is installed and in use. This is important because the weld could be on a pipe at an elevated temperature and pressure when it is in use which is different from the conditions when welded.

Refers to a weldment that is installed and being used.

The operating environment a weldment will experience such as temperatures and pressures.

Inductance is a setting on your welding machine to control spatter when welding GMAW in the short circuit transfer mode.

Elements that are virtually unresponsive to other elements. Inert gasses include: helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn)

the act of reviewing a weldment based on a set of criteria in a particular manner outlined in the code

An organization with other organizations as members which are typically competitors in an industry such as welding. The institute provides a means where competitors can work together through the institute to solve problems and challenges faced by the members in an industry such as welding.

An insulator is a material that does not allow electricity to flow through it easily or at all.

Sometimes called stitch welds, intermittent welds are used when it is unnecessary to weld the entire length of long weld joints. Instead, welds are performed in small increments, usually uniformly in size and spacing.

The temperature of the base material about an inch or two away from the weld pool.

An electric power supply that converts direct current to alternating current.

Inches per minute

The portion of the weld joint where the two members of the joint approach closest to each other, when viewed in cross-section the joint root may be a point, line, or area

Kerf is the space left by a cutting tool as it removes a small amount of material from the stock piece during cutting.

the cleanliness and squareness of a cut.

Temperature that something combusts into flame

Lack of fusion is a weld defect that occurs when filler metal does not properly adhere to the base metal. This causes a weak spot or break in the weld, or possibly a stress point.

Smooth flow without turbulence

Layout is the process of finding and marking dimensions and locations on material, either for the purpose of cutting the material to size or length or fitting up parts to assemble a weldment.

A leading angle is a travel angle in which the electrode tip is angled toward the direction of travel, putting the weld pool ahead of the electrode.

An object is level if it is perfectly horizontal as determined by the earth's gravity.

to pick up a load from beneath, often using jacks, levers, or other mechanical means

The thickness of a line; most line weights are fine, medium, or thick.

Lines that call out the location of specific features in relation to some other reference point

step-by-step instructions on how to disable or de-energize equipment to make it safe to work on.

Cracks that occur parallel to the direction of travel of the weld bead

A preparation of a cross sectional surface of a weld joint that shows the grain structure and heat affected zone more clearly than an unprepared cross section.

A manual process is a welding process in which the welder manipulates all aspects of the weld by hand, including arc length, rod or torch angle, weave or oscillation pattern, and travel speed.

Type of arc welding that is done by hand. The length of the welding arc is controlled by the welder’s hands

industries centered on shipping over water

in mechanized welding all aspects of the process, travel speed, electrode angle, and electrical stickout, are maintained by a machine, however that machine must be under constant observation of a welder-operator to ensure proper welding

Metal Active Gas welding

Elemental metals that have other metals added to them to create a new metal with different characteristics than the pure, original metal

Metal inert gas welding is an obsolete name for gas metal arc welding, as this process no longer uses only inert gasses. However, many welders still use this name when referring to GMAW.

A measurement system in which the units are broken up into meters, centimer, and millimeters.

A multi pass weld is a weld formed by two or more layers of weld metal that are not deposited at the same time.

Naval Sea Systems Command

Non Destructive Examination,

Non Destructive Testing

Proper balance of gas and oxygen producing a clean burning flame.

An agency of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NIOSH studies worker safety and health in order to promote safe, healthy work environments.

A number rating to show how many decibels the ear protection reduces noise by.

Refers to materials which contain no iron

Nondestructive examination describes a set of examination techniques that do not destroy the fabrication being inspected. The basic premise of a non-destructive test is to provide the inspector with information about the quality of the weldment without damaging or altering the weldment.

Consumible part on the PAC Torch with a spasific orific size.

Harm done to the body over a period of time during the course of employment

An acute injury to the body that happens at a specific point in time during the course of employment

An ohm is a measure of the resistance to the flow of electricity in any given conductor or insulator.

Open-circuit voltage is the default voltage in a welding machine set on CC power when the machine is powered on, and is no more than 80v.

The gass directed into the plasma arc tourch or thermal spray gun to surround the electrod.

a way of representing a three dimensional object using two dimensional drawings

Oscillation is a rhythmic motion that the welder makes as they move the weld pool along the joint, such as circles or zig zags. Oscillation is used to make the weld pool bigger but is not as extreme as weaving, as the tip of the electrode generally does not travel outside the circumference of the weld pool.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration is an organization that regulates workplaces through rules that employers and employees must follow to maintain safety.

Overlap occurs when the molten weld pool does not fuse into the base material. The weld pool falls on top of the base material and is not solidly connected to it.

Overlap is a weld defect in which too much filler metal has been deposited in the weld causing the surface of the weld to spill over at the edge, forming a bulge or fold. Overlap is sometimes referred to as cold roll.

The act of oxygen bonding with a base material from the atmosphere resulting in an oxide layer or oxide flakes.

A layer of oxidized material typically at the surface of a material.

Excessive oxygen, too hot

Refers to the gasses of oxygen and acetylene that are used for welding.

A divice uesd to transfer current to a fixed cuttingeletrode.

PAPRS is short for Powered Air Purifying Respirator. These are battery-powered full or partial-face respirators that filter air through a canister or cartridge.

Partial joint penetration means that the weld only goes part of the way through the base material depth in the joint.

tiny particles easily suspended in the air

A perpendicular angle is a travel angle in which the electrode is held perfectly vertical over the weld pool.

A gas heated by an arc to at least partially inonized condition, enabling it to conductan electric curent. Ref AWS A3.0M/A3.0:2020. Standard Welding Terms and Definitions

The change in metals that occurs when a force is applied to them beyond their ability to return back to their original shape. The material acts like a plastic or taffy and it stretches.

An object is plumb if it is perfectly vertical as determined by earth’s gravity.

Porosity occurs when gasses produced during welding can not escape the molten weld pool before it solidifies.

Equipment whose design and intention is to protect an individual's body from the hazards involved in their job or workplace.

Heat added to a weldment or base materials before welding begins. Preheat is done on thick materials and materials that are colder that the required minimum temperature specified in a WPS.

A knob that increases or decreases the distance between the top and bottom drive rollers, which the wire passes through.

An oxide layer that forms a protective barrier on a metal. Not all oxide layers are protective such as the flaky oxide layers that form on iron that provide little to no protection of the base material.

Plused spray transfer allows the current to toggle between a preset high current and down to a preset low current.

A measure of quantity of a material, i.e. how much does it weigh, what temperature is it, etc? Results in a number measurement.

These metals react with the gasses in the atmosphere at elevated temperatures in a negative way leading to contamination of your weld and/or heavy oxidation of the nearby base materials.

Additional material that adds strength to weld.

a person picked by company management with authority to speak and do things for the company

Resistance is the property of a material to block or reduce the flow of electricity, either in part or completely.

A group of welding processes in which the heat for welding is provided by the electrical resistance of the materials being joined

Component of PAC torch that insalates consumible components.

Slings, clamps, or other equipment used to secure a load to a hoisting line or hook.

The joint root is a, typically deliberate, spacing between the two members of the joint at the joint root.

Replacement for welding tip to create very large flame for heating

is another shallow material removal that does not damage the base metal

A printed description of the hazards and safe use practices of chemicals found on a job site.

For welding these are typically requirements of weldments to survive earthquakes. There are seismic requirements and qualifications in welding.

A semi-automatic process is a welding process in which the welder manipulates all aspects of the weld by hand, except for the wire-feed speed which is controlled by the feed unit.

type of arc welding that has an electrode/filler metal that is automatically fed into the weld by a machine. The welding power source controls the length of the welding arc.

Shielded metal arc welding is a manual welding process that uses covered metal electrodes both to produce the arc and act as filler metal. The flux coating on the electrodes decomposes in the arc and becomes shielding gas and slag to protect the weld.

A, usually, non-reactive gas piped into the weld area to purge away reactive atmospheric gasses which would negatively interact with the molten weld pool

make stronger

When the wire electrode connects to the weld puddle and creates a literal short in the circuit, as many as 200 times per second.

A single pass weld is a weld made with only one layer of weld metal.

Linear dimensions which give the required size of the material

Slag is a byproduct of flux as it breaks down in the arc. Slag is used to cover the molten weld pool to protect it from the atmosphere, help it hold its shape, and slow the cooling process to prevent cracking.

Slag inclusions are weld defects that occur when the weld pool passes over bits of preformed slag and doesn’t remelt them. This causes the slag to be trapped between layers of weld metal.

Shielded Metal Arc Welding. Commonly known as stick welding.

A group of professionals coming together for a common cause. In welding, the American Welding Society is a group of professionals from all parts of the welding industry who work together to promote the education, training, of welding professionals and to support the industry as a whole.

A process where the base material does not melt but the filler metal does melt. Soldering is similar to brazing but is performed at a lower temperature than brazing.

Black residue left behind from acetylene that hasn’t completely burned

Spatter is a weld defect that occurs during welding when small globules of molten metal land outside the weld pool and stick to the base metal surface.

A weld joint consisting of two parts which are spanned by a third, and possibly fourth part welded to the original two

Spray transfer refers to the behavior in which the wire from the welding machine melts at the tip and deposits into the joint so as to create fine droplets that are equal or less than the diameter of the electrode wire being used.

A part of an object is square if one face of the object is perfectly 90o from an adjoining face.

Stainless steel is a group of steel alloys that contain levels of chrome and other corrosion resisting alloying elements that give the materials properties that it "stains' less than ordinary steel. See the chemical compositions of stainless steel grades for quantities of alloying elements.

A load that is not moving or accelerating relative to a base material that is reacting to its load. A static load would be you sitting in your chair still vs. you jumping on and off of the chair.

See SMAW

Stock material, especially metal stock, is material for construction that comes preformed in certain shapes and dimensions, such as angle, chanel, bar stock, pipe, tubing, and plate.

The measure of strength of a material as compared to how heavy it is.

A stringer bead is a straight, narrow weld bead made with little or no oscillation.

provide a user a fresh air source via a hose connected to compressed air. These respirators don't just filter air coming in, they supply a whole fresh air source.

Continuous burning of gasses inside the torch

Internal part on PAC torch that swerls the shealing gases.

A tack weld is a small weld made to hold parts together during assembly and is usually not meant to be permanent.

A long arm that extends to move objects or employees to the location where they are needed, especially in terms of higher spaces.

A test used to measure the tensile strength of a specimen. For welding procedure qualification or filler metal qualification, the tensile test specimen includes the weld.

See GTAW.

The weld toe is the intersection of the weld metal and base metal

Tolerances are a guideline on how much a part or weldment can deviate from being perfect, and are meant to maintain a certain level of quality while also making it easier for the product to be built.

Welding / cutting tips, attach to the end of the torch coming in various sizes. The larger the number the larger the flame

A trailing angle is a travel angle in which the electrode tip is angled away from the direction of travel, putting the weld pool behind the electrode.

An electronic piece of equipment that both emits and detects sound waves. It converts an electrical signal to a sound wave when transmitting and converts sound to an electrical signal when detecting sound waves.

In GMAW, transfer modes are the different behavioral changes in how electrode wire melts and gets transferred to the base metal. Transfer modes are controlled by the operator or welder, changing the relationship between wire and heat, write types, sizes, and shielding gasses.

Transition current is the minimum current setting for the welding machine to transition from globular transfer and into spray transfer.

Cracks that occur perpendicular to the direction of travel of the weld bead

Travel angle refers to the angle of the electrode in relation to the direction the weld pool is being moved along the weld joint.

how fast or slow the welding torch or gun is progressing along the weld joint.

An object or a face of an object is true if it is perfectly straight.

Tungsten inert gas welding is an obsolete name for gas tungsten arc welding, as this process no longer uses only inert gasses. However, many welders still use this name when referring to GTAW.

Undercut is a weld defect in which the arc gouges out an area of the base metal along the edge of the weld which then does not get filled back in with weld metal. This leaves a small depression at the edge of the weld.

An action that takes place with the risk of accident or injury, often in violation of safety rules and procedures

workplace hazards that are not resolved, resulting in a dangerous work environment in the vicinity of the unsafe condition

Equipment to help move the air around the workspace to maintain breathable air.

A chart which displays the relationship of the machines output voltage and amperage at different arc lengths, or lengths of electrical stickout

A volt is a measure of electromotive force. Voltage is a measure of the electrical force or pressure that drives electrons forward in an electric current.

Washington Association of Building Officials

to remove material from a wide surface area

A watt is a measure of electrical power. Wattage is a measure of the total power in an electric current based on the combination of amperage and voltage.

A weave pattern is rhythmic motion that the welder makes as they move the weld pool along the joint, such as zig zags or figure eights. Weave patterns are used to make weld beads wider than would normally be possible with only using slight oscillation or traveling in a straight line. Weave patterns are used in specific situations but have largely been discouraged in recent times due to the excess heat they add to the weld zone.

The axis on which the length of the weld joint lies

A weld bead is the continuous line of deposited weld or melted base metal made by a single pass of the electrode.

the exposed surface of a weld

The junction of two workpieces that will be joined by welding

The leg of the fillet weld is the distance from the joint root to the weld toe

Weld metal refers to metal in the finished weld and includes all the filler metal which was deposited and all base metal which was melted during welding

Weld penetration is depth to which the weld has intermingled with the base metal.

The weld pool or weld puddle is the area of molten metal directly beneath the electrode that has been melted by the arc.

Welding position is the relationship between the orientation of joint members and the welding heat source while welding is taking place

Weld profile is the general shape of the weld when viewed in cross section

The throat of a fillet weld is the shortest distance from the weld root to the weld face

A person that operates a welding machine by holding an electrode in their hand to weld materials together.

a person that welds

bonding together of two objects of the same or similar materials, usually metal, through heat or force. This bond is at the molecular level and may include added filler material.

a document containing rules and requirements for welding fabrications]

A person who designs weld joints and typically performs calculations of the structure to ensure it will be safe and comply with an applicable code.

Welding leads are electrical cables made of many strands of copper wire wound together. The copper wire is sheathed in a durable rubber insulator. Welding leads come in a number of diameters called gauges which are meant to handle different amounts of amperage.

Welding metallurgy is the study of welding metals based upon the chemical and mechanical properties of the weldment once all welding processes pre-weld, during the weld, and post weld have been completed.

A person that operates an automatic welding machine or robotic welder.

The position of the weld joint to the welder. Typically flat, horizontal, vertical, and overhead. Positions at a 45 degree angle are also used for pipes because the welder will weld in the flat, horizontal, vertical, and overhead position as they make their way around the circumference of the pipe.

A welding power source is a machine that is specially designed to output the specific type of electrical power needed for welding. They can be plugged into an electrical outlet or engine driven. The primary mechanism for producing the welding power can be a transformer, an inverter, a generator, or an alternator.

the entirety of information conveyed on the reference line and by the arrow and tail. Different from weld symbols, which are pictorial symbols that approximate the finished weld.

A weldment is anything composed primarily of metal and is held together by welding.

Wire-feed speed is a measure of how fast the wire electrode is being fed out from the spool by the feed unit and is measured in inches per minute.

Work angle refers to the angle of the electrode in relation to the surface of the base metal and is measured transversely to the longitudinal axis of the weld.

The workpiece lead is the cable that connects the welding machine to the work clamp.

Welding Procedure Specification