Chapter 1. Introducing Critical Thinking and Philosophical Inquiry
§1 Understanding Critical Thinking
1.1 What is “critical thinking”?
Some Definitions
- Critical thinking is the careful application of reason in the determination of whether a claim is true.
- Critical thinking is the systematic evaluation or formulation of beliefs, or statements, by rational standards[1]
Critical thinking is an essential cognitive process that involves the deliberate and meticulous use of reasoning to evaluate the validity and truthfulness of a claim. It is a systematic approach that enables individuals to analyze information, assess arguments, and make informed judgments based on evidence and logical reasoning.
What makes critical thinking…
- Critical? The thinker is exercising or involving careful judgment or judicious evaluation
- Systematic? Involves distinct procedures and methods
- Evaluative and formulative? Used to both assess existing beliefs (yours or someone else’s) and devise new ones
- Rational? Beliefs are judged by the reasons and reasoning that support them
1.2 The Importance of Critical Thinking
Critical thinking plays a crucial role in various aspects of our lives, including education, decision-making, problem-solving, and communication. It empowers individuals to question assumptions, challenge biases, and develop a rational and well-informed perspective on complex issues.
1.3 Characteristics of Critical Thinkers
Developing critical thinking skills involves cultivating specific characteristics that enhance one’s ability to engage in rigorous and objective analysis. These characteristics include open-mindedness, intellectual curiosity, skepticism, logical reasoning, and the ability to evaluate evidence objectively.
1.4 The Relationship between Critical Thinking and Philosophical Inquiry
Critical thinking and philosophical inquiry are closely intertwined. Philosophy, as an academic discipline, encourages individuals to question fundamental assumptions, explore abstract concepts, and engage in rigorous analysis. By employing critical thinking, philosophers examine arguments, evaluate theories, and seek to understand the nature of knowledge, reality, ethics, and other philosophical domains.
- Vaughn, Lewis. The Power of Critical Thinking: Effective Reasoning About Ordinary and Extraordinary Claims. 3rd ed. (OUP, 2009). Chapter 1. ↵
