Table Of Contents

Ch 1 – How Do We Know What We Know

1.1 – Novel Problems Require Observation and Experimentation

1.2 – Learn By Exploring

1.3 – How To Ask A Good Question

1.4 – Does The Answer Make Sense

1.5 – Artificial Intelligence (AI)

1.6 – Making A Weekly Plan To Help Us Succeed

Ch 2 – Language and Its Common Usage

2.1 – The Nuts and Bolts of Language – Objects, Quantifiers, Negations, Conjunctions, Disjunctions, and Conditional Statements

2.2 – Organization of Language – Syntax

2.3 – Logic and The Validity of A Statement – Truth Tables

Ch 3 – How Good Questions Lead to Answers

3.1 – Well-Formed Questions and Context

3.2 – To Get The Answer, Ask The Right Questions

Ch 4 – What Can I Expect?

4.1 – What’s Likely? What’s Unlikely?

4.2 – Types of Data

4.3 – Organizing and Displaying Data

4.4 – What Does The Data Tell Us?

4.5 – A Random Sample Give Us A Representative Sample

4.6 – What Would We Like To Know? What Type Of Questions Can We Ask?

Ch 5 – Probability

5.1 – Origins and Foundations

5.2 – Probability Space, Outcomes, and Events (Venn Diagrams)

5.3 – Rules For Computing Probabilities

5.4 – Contingency Tables and Probability Trees

5.5 – Questions Concerning Probabilities

5.6 – Bayes Rule

5.7 – Random Variables and Models

Chapter 6 – Questions About Estimating A Population Mean

6.1 – Examining Random Samples and Their Means

6.2 – Histograms of Individuals Compared To Histograms of Means

6.3 – Normal Model

6.4 – Central Limit Theorem

6.5 – Student’s t-distribution

6.6 – Confidence Intervals For The Mean

6.7 – Conditions For Using A Confidence Interval Of The Mean

Chapter 7 – Questions About Estimating A Population Proportion

7.1 – Proportions (Categorical Data) versus Quantitative data

7.2 – Histograms of Sample Proportions

7.3 – Normal Model for Sample Proportions

7.4 – Confidence Intervals For Proportions

7.5 – Conditions For Using A confidence Interval Of the Proportion

Chapter 8 – Questions About Estimating The Difference Between Two Population Means and Two Population Proportions

8.1 – The Mean and Standard Deviation of A Difference Of Two Random Variables

8.2 – Confidence Intervals For The Difference of Two Population Means and The Difference Of Two Population Proportions

Chapter 9 – Questions About Whether A Claimed Value Is More Or Less Likely To Be True

9.1 – Hypothesis Test For A Population Mean and A Population Proportion

9.2 – P-Value

9.3 – Level Of Significance versus Practical Usefulness

9.4 – Errors – Type 1 And Type 2

9.5 – Relationship Of Hypothesis Test To Confidence Interval

Chapter 10 – Questions About Whether There’s A Difference Between Two Population Means or Population Proportions

10.1 – F Distribution and Student’s t-distribution Adjustment To The Degrees Of Freedom

Chapter 11 – Question About How Well One Variable Explains The Outcome Of Some Other Variable

11.1 – Scatter Plots

11.2 – Linear Model

Chapter 12 – Questions About Associations, What Causes Something To Occur, and The Difference Between The Two

12.1 – Studies versus Experiments

12.2 – Surveys

12.3 – Replication

Chapter 13 – Questions About Whether A Model Is Reasonable

13.1 – Chi-Squared Test For Goodness of Fit

13.2 – Chi-Squared Test For Homogeneity

13.3 – Chi-Squared Test For Independence

Chapter 14 – Questions About Which Things Explain The Variation In Some Variable

14.1 – One-Way ANOVA

14.2 – Two-Way ANOVA